I edited the code as provided by Mico (see Align on nested braces) and managed to change the font to be used for the Latin characters to 'nimbus sans'. Using TexStudio and the latex compiler, the following code returns exactly what I want. The only remaining problem is that I don't know how I can change the Japanese font to be used.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{CJKutf8}
\usepackage{mathtools,array,booktabs}
\usepackage{cancel}
\usepackage{nimbussans}
\renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}
[
\setlength\arraycolsep{0pt}
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}
\left.
\begin{array}{rr}
\left.\begin{array}{r}
\text{V} \ \text{い-adj}
\end{array}\right} &
\multicolumn{1}{r}{\text{Jisho}} \
\addlinespace
\left.\begin{array}{r}
\text{な-adj} \ \text{N}\textsubscript{1}
\end{array}\right} &
\begin{array}{r}
\text{Jisho} \ \text{$\sim$\cancel{だ}}\to\text{$\sim$な}
\end{array}
\end{array}
\right}
\text{のは N}\textsubscript{2}\text{です}
]
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
All my LibreOffice documents use Noto Sans mono CJK JP as the default font. Is it possible to use the same font in Latex?

gbsnyou could trygothormaru. I don't know if they have all the required characters available for Japanese though. – Marijn Oct 04 '23 at 10:42gothandmaruin your code above on the 11th line, so instead of\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{gbsn}what you have now you could use\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{goth}or\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{maru}to get different fonts. Despite the name 'Gothic' the two alternatives are actually simpler/cleaner than gbsn, they look more 'sans-achtig', zogezegd. – Marijn Oct 04 '23 at 13:47texdoc luatexja-en) rather than staying with old coding and legacy fonts etc. – Cicada Oct 05 '23 at 06:07