d120 exists, but doesn’t seem to be in use
There are 120-sided dice (since there is a 120-sided face-uniform polyhedron, the disdyakis triacontahedron). I cannot find any game that uses a d120, however. Considering how many articles I found on just how difficult to produce this die was, that’s probably for the best.
d1000 exists, and seems to get used
Unlike the challenge of producing a d120, a d(power of 10) means just rolling more d10s for more digits. So a d1000 or even d10,000 or d1,000,000 or whatever is trivially simple, since you just need more d10s and not fancier dice.
And there’s even a “d1000 spinner,” which does not entail rolling separate dice to generate the number. Doubtful that higher powers of 10 get anything like that, though, nor could I find any.
So do these get used?
Wiktionary has an entry for a d1000, which claims
d1000
(dice games) A die roll used for example in some role-playing games and wargames to generate a random number between 1 and 1000. The most common method is to roll 3 differently colored d10s, where each color has been designated to represent one of the three digits.
It does not cite any source for “some role-playing games and wargames” that use a d1000, however.
What I’ve been able to find with my own searching is that Kenzer & Co.’s Hackmaster seems to use 1000-entry random tables, and thus require d1000 rolls. See this review, which mentions them, and explicitly refers to it as a “d1000 roll.” I have not purchased or played Hackmaster myself to confirm, or to determine if Hackmaster explicitly refers to a “d1000” within its rules (or if it just presents a random table with 1000 entries and says “randomly pick one”).