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For background, I'm a systems developer, not a linguist. There's a tendency to dismiss any grammar rules in my line of work namely because of how "strict" (read: dumb, simple) the computers and programs are. There's also tendency to dismiss anything that is not useful for computers in those systems.

Recently me and my co worker had an argument where our services would clash in communication. Assume we use folders for communication. Apparently, my predecessors, had defined communication identifiers in camelCase in some parts while the co worker's team do PascalCase in theirs. And we being the new people, didn't account for this when making new extensions to those systems, each did their own part of integration in the way that team did. As a result, our system crashes when we cannot find folder named "catPictures", while theirs crashes when they can't find folder named "CatPictures". Now there's an argument between the two teams which one should change their system to accommodate the other.

The said argument led to a discussion about computers being dumb and that they're built to care about capitalization due to decisions way back when ASCII was invented. I suppose that they were built that way because we care about capitalization in real life and machinery is built to mimic the way we do things in real life, to an extent. But that led me to another question: why do we care about capitalization in real life? Why does it exist? Is it useful? Why not have everything in CAPS or lowercase?

Sir Cornflakes
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Dragas
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    You can find something on the history of capitalisation here: https://latin.stackexchange.com/questions/332/when-did-the-latin-alphabet-become-bicameral – Sir Cornflakes Mar 25 '20 at 09:53
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    Related: https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/27485/is-capitalization-a-recurring-feature-across-writing-systems – Sir Cornflakes Mar 25 '20 at 10:22
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    And for some fun: https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/9026/are-there-writing-systems-with-more-than-upper-case-and-lower-case Be happy that your identifiers aren't in the Georgian languages, so many possible choices are available there! – Sir Cornflakes Mar 25 '20 at 10:27
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    Oh I'm *very* glad we don't have multiple equivalent lowercase/uppercase symbols for the same upper/lower one. Your related questions were very informative. – Dragas Mar 25 '20 at 11:15
  • Rather than asking why it exists it would probably be better to ask why scripts that use two cases were invented. – curiousdannii Mar 25 '20 at 14:39
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    A short pointing-out of what might be obvious: it is useful to second-language learners of German to be able to predict with high accuracy what is a noun. Possibly also useful to first-language readers (although experimental evidence might be hard to come by). So it clearly can be useful in real-world situations. – legatrix Mar 26 '20 at 15:22
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    Japanese kind of has three "cases", by one way of looking at it. Or maybe even five. :) 1) kanji or Chinese characters used to "spell" the core semantic portions of words, 2) hiragana or the rounder syllabary characters to spell the more grammatical parts of words (tense endings, conjunctions, etc), 3) katakana to spell borrowed words and other words that need a little distinction, and just in the last century or so, 4) and 5), Latin upper and lower case. The two kana systems represent all the same sounds, and are perhaps closest in similarity to upper and lower case. – Eiríkr Útlendi Mar 31 '20 at 03:13
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    @EiríkrÚtlendi You could also argue that there’s a sixth in Japanese: Man’yōgana, where Chinese characters are used as kana to phonetically spell words (essentially the same as ateji in Modern Japanese, except consistent, rather than limited to specific words). – Janus Bahs Jacquet Jul 26 '20 at 23:10

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I do not have enough reputation to comment and I do not have an answer - because I do not believe that there is a simple answer to any of your questions. So just some comments to why do we care about capitalization in real life?

My native Czech is a prescriptive language with complex capitalization rules: apart from marking a sentence onset, they are used to mark proper nouns and boy, these rules are something - not only do you have to know sometimes very particular logic concerning a small group of instances, but also the history of their usage, e.g.

  • if a geographical proper name consists of 2 adjectives + 1 noun, you must write the first adjective capitalized
  • a question arises what to do with the middle adjective and the rule says: if there historically existed or still exists a synonymous name with only 1 adj + 1 noun, the middle adj. must be capitalized, e.g. Medvědí jezero –⁠ Velké Medvědí jezero (Great Bear Lake), Západní Karpaty –⁠ Vnější Západní Karpaty ("External" Western Carpathian Mountains)
  • if the 2-word name did/does not exist, the middle adjective stays with small letter, e.g. Severní ledový oceán (Northern "Icy" Ocean), Velký bariérový útes (Great Barrier Reef)
  • notice that the noun will follow its own rules to decide whether it will be capitalized or not.

And this is just one example. The thing is that younger generation of Czech linguists started a discussion whether The Czech Academy of Science should not stop prescribing these rules and move towards description (also because capitalization does not play any role in the spoken form and children spend really a lot of time learning language rules and even then - obviously - in reality people make plenty of mistakes - I mean, the Academy provides a service answering via email curious questions from the citizens and capitalization rules cover the overwhelming majority of these questions). Still, if you ask laymen, literally everybody will be against abolition (or just relaxation) of these rules. It just does not make sense - I consider it akin linguistic Stockholm syndrome.

Btw I remember a local linguistics conference where a speaker argued for the relaxation of these rules, giving examples of their absurdity, all linguists approvingly nodding their heads - to spend the following two hours passionately arguing about the capitalization in those examples given in the speech.

krenkz
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Yes, I agree with Vincent B. In European languages, if I should generalize, capitalization is used to allow easy parsing, be it sentence onsets, nominals (esp. in German with a complex clause structure), or just proper nouns and in some cases honorary pronouns.

krenkz
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I do not know the history behind capitalisation, but I can tell you about some practical uses I've found in my experience.

Mainly, it allows me to see when a new sentence starts. I find that full stops are difficult to see (especially in handwriting) because they are so small, so I often go by the capitalisation instead.

On top of that, it allows me to recognise proper nouns in cases that I'd otherwise mistake them for common nouns. This is useful with words like "Rose", where the common noun refers to a flower and the proper noun refers to a person.

Some languages add rules. For example, German extend this capitalisation to all nouns. As legatrix pointed out in the comments, this is rather useful to language learners as it can help them guess sentence structure much easier. However, as krenkz says in his answer regarding Czech, this can get confusing even to native spreakers when too many rules are added.

Since you mentioned computer systems, it's worth mentioning conventions in programming. Capitalisation is useful for recognising macros or environment variables. Also in variable naming, capital letters separate words without spaces, for example likeThis.*

I doubt this is why capitalisation started to exist. My uneducated guess is that some scribe just thought it looked pretty. However, the reason it still exists in modern English and in most Greek-derived alphabets is because it does have practical value, especially in handwriting.

*Yes, snake_case exists, but I think it's ugly, and I don't see it being used outside Python.

Vincent Bechmann
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