Tags
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The study of the internal structure of expressions, especially between words and phrases, and the principles and processes that determine it. This includes words order, but also the grammatical relations that hold between words, as well as structural ambiguity, binding, reference, and similar issues. Common approaches are numerous phrase structure grammars (GPSG, HPSG, LFG, G&B, X-bar, Minimalism, ...) and, on the other hand, dependency grammars.
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A Germanic language, which originated from England, and is considered the leading language in international communication. For non-linguistic questions about the English language, visit one of our sister sites English Language & Usage or English Language Learners.
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The study of the abstract aspect of the sounds or *phonemes* in a given language.
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The study of the history of words including their origins and the changes they've undergone through time.
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Semantics is the study of meaning, used to understand expressions through language.
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A branch of science that uses computers and mathematical methods to construct and investigate linguistic theory. Its technological and algorithmic implementation is called NLP.
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A body of rules, features, or generalizations which reliably differentiate between grammatical and ungrammatical constructions.
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The study of the structure and formation of words and their component parts, "morphemes".
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The International Phonetic Alphabet: A Latin-based alphabet designed for transcribing all sounds of all languages.
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Questions seeking books, websites, articles, papers, research, or downloadable content on any linguistic topic.
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Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed proto-language for the Indo-European language family
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The study of structural features, diversity and commonalities among the world's languages.
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An informal term referring to the verbalized form of words specific to a language. Can also refer to particular individual's pronunciation, as in an accent or a pathology, or a specific speech event, as in a mispronunciation.
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Orthography is a set of rules that determine the correct way of writing in a certain language, including norms about spelling, punctuation and word breaks. Orthography is usually not considered part of natural language or grammar itself and therefore not strictly a subject of linguistics, but sometimes of interest in investigating individual languages' pronunciation and writing systems.
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request for references of languages that satisfy the criteria set in the question.
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For linguistic questions concerning the Latin language, a dead Indo-European language of the Roman Empire and ancestor of modern Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, and a few others. For questions specific to Latin only, please visit our sister site Latin Language Stack Exchange.
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Comparisons across (as opposed to within) languages or language families.
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A corpus (plural corpora) is a database of text or speech, possibly annotated with language-specific explanatory information. Used for testing statistical hypothesis and constructing quantitative models.
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Graphical representations of hierarchical analyses of grammatical relations. Requests to make syntax trees are off-topic.
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Those speech sounds made with open, unrestricted vocal tracts, in contrast to consonants.
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For requests of linguistic resources (like corpora, training data, wordnets, ontologies). When looking for published references, use the [reference-request] tag instead.
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The discrete and distinctive units constituting the internalized inventory of sounds of a language. A sequence of phonemes is the preverbal form of a word. Phonemes may be systematically distorted upon verbalization, resulting in an allophone. Phonemes and allophones are both "phones".
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A study of the relationships or correspondences between the languages that have a common origin. Formerly known as Comparative Grammar, Comparative Philology.
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Refers either to abstract and often mathematical theories focused more on explanation and generalization than on application, or the discussion of these theories' properties.
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The phenomenon whereby a language's grammar and lexicon change over time.
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The study of societal effects on language use and of language use on society.
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Romance language, official in 29 states, including France, Belgium and Côte d'Ivoire. For non-linguistic questions about the French language, visit our sister site French Language Stack Exchange.
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The language family covering the majority of the languages of Europe and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
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Inflectional forms that indicate the grammatical functions of nouns, pronouns and their modifiers (such as adjectives).
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The traditional set of eight word classes: Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, pronoun, and interjection.
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Branch of the Indo-European languages from Northern Europe, including English, German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages
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