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1500 questions
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Is it possible to forecast ocean salinity 100 years into the future?

Paleosalinity is measured by chloricity of pore fluids (Adkins 2002). Current data are provided by the CORA dataset. In addition to answers to the main question, there are a few more points I'd like to know: How can one forecast ocean…
Deer Hunter
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How is abundance of elements in the Earth's crust estimated?

In an quiz app I surprisingly learned that aluminium has a larger abundance then iron. When researching this on Wikipedia, I found this article, which also had the comment: Note that numbers are estimates, and they will vary depending on source…
kl78
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13
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Do rivers/creeks flow underground when they dry up at the surface?

In my local area there is a creek which dries up completely in the summer and is flowing strongly in the winter. Is it the case that, at the location where the creek dries up, it continues flowing underground? If so does it take the same trajectory…
reddit
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13
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GIS Data on climate types

Where can I download GIS data delimiting global climate types? For example mediterannean climate, temperate climate, etc. Additionally, how similar are temperature profiles for various places in the same climate classification?
Samy Geronymos
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Intuitive definition of the Monin-Obukhov length?

The Monin-Obukhov length (L) is defined as: $$L = - \frac{\rho C_p T_v u^3_*}{kgH}$$ where $\rho$=moist air density; $C_p$=air specific heat capacity; $T_v$=virtual temperature; $u^3_*$=wind friction velocity; $k$=0.41 (von Karman constant);…
naught101
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13
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When was the last time there was a landlocked body of water bigger than the Caspian?

Was it the Mediterranean before it dried into small lakes? What was the biggest one before that?
13
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Can an earthquake occurring within two plates trigger another earthquake in a far away plate boundary?

Can an earthquake occurring between two plates, like the Pacific Plate and North American Plate cause any effect which would trigger an earthquake in a far away place like the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian Plates, as we know it is a…
user2990
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How to tell if a single day of weather is an anomaly or due to climate change?

I am interested in understanding how to tell if a single day of 'abnormal' weather is due to climate change or not. From my understanding, you would compare this day's weather to historical weather. However, is a day-to-day comparison accurate? Or…
Ethan
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Is there a freely usable map of Earth cave systems and/or density?

I am considering creating some sort of model of the Earth using real world collected data. Things like worldwide height maps certainly exist, as do many maps of minerals, rainfall, etc. Are there worldwide data available on underground cave…
enigma
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The relation between the magnitude and duration of earthquake

I am asking this question in reference to the recent earthquake that struck Nepal last month. I read that the magnitude 7.8 richter scale earhtquake would have caused more damage had it lasted for longer time. In case of Nepal it lasted for nearly…
Four Seasons
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Do forests affect local rainfall and climate significantly?

I know that forests can change the local temperature, but what about rainfall?. Do forests affect rainfall in their region? I have read that if a forest is very big, it can cause minor changes to local rainfall and temperature. How does that work?
Sab
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Climate on an Earth without an Axial Tilt

The Premise The Earth rotates on its own axis, which is tilted by about 23 degrees. I am imagining a situation where such an axial tilt does not exist. From general reading, it appears the largest impact of removing an axial tilt would be on…
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Why does aragonite form in one case and an acetate in another?

If I add acetic acid to limestone, I can get calcium acetate crystals to grow but if I add acetic acid to dolomite, supposedly I can grow aragonite which is a form of calcium carbonate. Why would I get crystals of an acetate in one instance and a…
13
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How has and how does the lithosphere affect climate change?

The climatic system can be divided into five main components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the cryosphere and the biosphere. All these physical systems operate at different time and spatial scales. The lithosphere, that makes…
Isopycnal Oscillation
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Did Jupiter really make Earth (in)habitable?

A new study by Batygyin and Laughlin suggest that a Jupiter migration toward the inner region of the Solar System during the early stages of system formation cleared the habitable region (Goldilocks zone) around the Sun from early planets that too…
arkaia
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