List of political ideologies

In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

Anarchism

Anarchy symbol
Political internationals
  • Anarkismo (platformism and specifism)
  • Informal Anarchist Federation (insurrectionary anarchism)
  • International of Anarchist Federations (synthesis anarchism)
  • International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
  • International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)

Classical

Post-classical

Contemporary

  • Anarcho-transhumanism
  • Black anarchism
  • Communization
  • Free-market anarchism
  • Post-anarchism
  • Post-colonial anarchism
  • Post-left anarchism
  • Queer anarchism

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

  • Algeria
  • Egypt
  • Morocco
  • Nigeria
  • South Africa
  • Tunisia

American

  • Latin America
  • North America
    • Canada
    • United States
      • Individualist anarchism

Asian

  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bangladesh
  • China
    • Hong Kong
  • Egypt
  • Georgia
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Malaysia
  • Mongolia
  • Philippines
  • Singapore
  • Syria
    • Democratic confederalism
  • Timor-Leste
  • Turkey
  • Vietnam

European

  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Monaco
  • Poland
  • Romania
  • Russia
    • Narodnism
  • Spain
    • Cantonalism
  • Sweden
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • New Zealand

Authoritarianism

General

  • Absolute monarchism
  • Autocracy
    • Caesarism
    • Caudillismo
  • Despotism
    • Soft despotism
  • Dictatorship
    • Benevolent dictatorship
    • Constitutional dictatorship
    • Civilian dictatorship
    • Dictablanda
    • Military dictatorship
      • Stratocracy
    • Right-wing dictatorship
    • left-wing dictatorship
  • Imperialism
  • Kraterocracy
    • Mafia state
  • Managerial state
  • Mob rule
  • Ochlocracy
  • Oligarchy
    • Pythagoreanism
    • Aristocracy
    • Minoritarianism
  • One-party state
    • Communist state
  • Plutocracy
    • Corporatocracy
  • Police state
    • Counterintelligence state
  • Unitarianism
  • Soft authoritarianism
  • Totalitarianism
    • Ideocracy
    • Totalitarian democracy
  • Transnational repression

Other

Opposition

  • Anti-authoritarianism
  • Anti-monarchism
    • Monarchomachs
  • Decolonization

Religious variants

  • Theocracy

Regional variants

African

  • Central African Republic
  • Congo
  • Egypt
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Libya
  • South Africa
  • Sudan
  • Uganda
  • Zimbabwe

American

  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Cuba
  • Dominican Republic
  • Guatemala
  • Haiti
  • Honduras
  • Mexico
  • Nicaragua
  • Panama
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • United States
  • Venezuela

Asian

  • Afghanistan
  • Cambodia
  • China
    • Chiangism
  • Indonesia
  • Iraq
  • Iran
  • Japan
  • Kazakhstan
  • Myanmar
  • North Korea
  • Pakistan
    • Ziaism
  • Philippines
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Korea
    • Ilminism
  • Syria
  • Tajikistan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Uzbekistan

European

  • Belarus
  • France
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Russia
    • Putinism
  • Serbia
  • Spain

Communitarianism

General

  • Christian democracy
  • Communitarian corporatism
  • Democratic confederalism
  • Distributism
  • Georgism
  • Mutualism
  • Person Dignity Theory
  • Radical centrism
  • Third Way

Other

Regional variants

  • Kibbutz
  • Obshchina
  • Singapore
  • Zadruga

Communism

The Hammer and sickle symbol
Political internationals
  • Committee for a Workers' International (Trotskyism)
  • Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • Fourth International (post-reunification) (Trotskyism)
  • Fourth International Posadist (Trotskyism)
  • International Bolshevik Tendency (Trotskyism)
  • International Committee of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • International Communist Current (left communism)
  • International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (Trotskyism)
  • International Communist Party (left communism)
  • International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter) (Maoism)
  • International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) (Hoxhaism)
  • International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (anti-revisionism)
  • International League of Peoples' Struggle (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism)
  • International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties (Marxism–Leninism)
  • International Socialist Alternative (Trotskyism)
  • International Socialist Tendency (unorthodox Trotskyism)
  • International Workers League – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • Internationalist Communist Union (Trotskyism)
  • League for the Fifth International (Trotskyism)
  • League for the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
  • World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
  • Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International (Trotskyism)

Authoritarian

  • Barracks communism
    • Nechayevshchina
  • Blanquism
  • Nechayevism
  • Tkachevism

Leninism

  • Democratic centralism
  • Trotskyism
    • Archeio-Marxism
    • Orthodox Trotskyism
    • Pabloism
    • Posadism
    • Third camp Trotskyism
  • Vanguardism
  • War communism
Marxism–Leninism
  • Brezhnevism
    • Real socialism
  • Castroism
  • Ceaușism
  • Dubčekism
  • Gorbachevism
    • Glasnost
    • Perestroika
  • Guevarism
    • Focalism
  • Ho Chi Minh Thought
    • Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
  • Hoxhaism
  • Husakism
  • Juche
    • Kimilsungism
    • Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
    • Songun
  • Kadarism
  • Khrushchevism
    • De-Stalinization
    • Khrushchev Thaw
  • Maoism
    • Maoism–Third Worldism
      • Third Worldism
      • Third World socialism
    • New Synthesis
    • Mao-Spontex
    • Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
      • Gonzalo Thought
      • Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
        • People's Multiparty Democracy
      • National Democracy
      • Naxalism
    • Pol Potism
    • Socialism with Chinese characteristics
      • Deng Xiaoping Theory
      • Mao Zedong Thought
      • Scientific Outlook on Development
      • Three Principles of the People
      • Three Represents
      • Xi Jinping Thought
  • Marxist–Leninist atheism
  • Scientific communism
  • Stalinism
    • Anti-revisionism
    • Neo-Stalinism
    • Socialism in one country
    • Soviet antisemitism
      • Left-wing antisemitism
    • Soviet anti-Zionism
  • Titoism
    • Đilasism
    • Rankovićism
    • Socialist nationalism

Libertarian

An Anarchist A laid over a Communist Hammer and sickle.
  • Anarcho-communism
    • Egoist communism
  • Communard movement
  • Marxism

Marxism

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

  • Christian communism
    • Bruderhofs
    • Diggers
    • Hutterites
    • Shakers
  • Islamic communism
    • Nasakom
  • Jewish communism

Regional variants

African

  • Angola
  • Benin
  • Congo
  • Egypt
  • Eritrea
  • Ethiopia
  • Mozambique
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
    • Trotskyism
  • Tanzania
  • Tunisia

American

  • Canada
    • Quebec
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Cuba
  • Grenada
  • Peru
    • Shining Path
  • United States

Asian

  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Cambodia
    • Khmer Rouge
    • Salvation Front
  • China
    • New Left
    • Ultra-left
  • India
    • Bengali communism
    • Keralan communism
    • Naxalism
    • Tripuran communism
  • Georgia
  • Indonesia
    • Sumatra
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Japan
    • New Left
  • Kazakhstan
  • Korea
    • North Korea
    • South Korea
  • Kurdistan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Laos
  • Mongolia
  • Nepal
  • Palestine
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • Soviet Union
  • Tajikistan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Vietnam
    • Trotskyism
  • Yemen
    • South Yemen

European

  • Albania
  • Bosnia, and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria
  • Belarus
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czechoslovakia
    • Bohemia and Moravia
    • Slovakia
  • Estonia
  • Finland
    • Taistoism
  • France
  • Germany
    • East Germany
    • West Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Italy
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Macedonia
  • Moldova
  • Montenegro
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Russia
    • Mensheviks
    • Bolshevism
      • Bolsheviks
        • Centre
          • Kamenevism
          • Stalinism
          • Zinovievism
        • Left Opposition
          • Left communism
          • Group of Democratic Centralism
          • Left–Right Bloc
          • Trotskyism
          • United Opposition
          • Workers' Opposition
            • Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party
            • Workers' Truth
        • Old Bolsheviks
          • Recallists
          • Ultimatists
        • Right Opposition
          • Anti-Party Group
          • Bukharinism
          • Noginism
          • Rykovism
          • Tomskyism
          • Gang of Eight
          • Left–Right Bloc
          • Soyuz
          • Union of Marxist–Leninists
  • Serbia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
    • Trotskyism
      • Neo-Trotskyism
  • Yugoslavia

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • New Zealand

Conservatism

Political internationals
  • International Democrat Union (conservatism)
  • International Monarchist League (monarchism)

General

  • Anti-unionism
  • Authoritarian conservatism
  • Bioconservatism
  • Black conservatism
  • Civic conservatism
  • Classical conservatism
    • Distributism
  • Conservative corporatism
  • Conservative liberalism
  • Cultural conservatism
  • Fiscal conservatism
  • Green conservatism
  • LGBT conservatism
  • Liberal conservatism
  • Libertarian conservatism
    • Fusionism
    • Libertarian Republicanism
    • Paleolibertarianism
    • Western conservatism
  • National conservatism
  • Neoconservatism
  • Paleoconservatism
    • Paleolibertarianism
  • Paternalistic conservatism
    • Compassionate conservatism
    • Conservative socialism
    • Progressive conservatism
  • Right-wing populism
  • Social conservatism
  • Social Darwinism
    • Kraterocracy
  • Theoconservatism
    • Christian right
    • State religion
      • Antidisestablishmentarianism
      • Caesaropapism
      • Dominionism
      • Hierocracy
      • Theocracy
      • Theonomy
    • Ultramontanism
  • Traditionalist conservatism

Reactionary

Opposition

Religious variants

  • Christian right
    • Christian fundamentalism
    • Traditionalist Catholicism
      • Radical traditional Catholicism
  • Hindu fundamentalism
    • Hindutva
  • Islamism
    • Islamic fundamentalism
  • Jewish Conservatism
    • Religious Zionism

Regional variants

African

  • Egypt
  • Gabon
  • Ghana
  • Ivory Coast
  • Kenya
  • Liberia
  • Malawi
  • Morocco
  • Niger
  • Nigeria
  • South Africa
    • Apartheid
  • Sudan
  • Uganda

American

  • Latin America
  • North America
    • Canada
      • Bernierism
      • Blue Toryism
      • Monarchism
      • Nativism
      • Pink Toryism
      • Red Toryism
      • Trumpism
    • United States
United States
  • Black conservatism
  • Conservative coalition
  • Conservative democratism
    • Anti-abolitionism
    • Blue Dogs
    • Bourbon Democrat
    • Jacksonianism
    • Southern democratism
      • Confederatism
        • Neo-confederatism
      • Dixiecratism
  • Federalism
    • Classical conservatism
    • New Federalism
  • McCarthyism
  • Nativism
    • Know Nothing movement
  • New Right
  • Old Right
    • Paleoconservatism
    • Paleolibertarianism
  • Republicanism
    • Conservative republicanism
    • Libertarian republicanism
    • Moderate republicanism
      • Main Street republicanism
        • Republican Main Street Partnership
      • Tuesday Group
    • Modern conservatism
    • Movement conservatism
    • Reaganism
      • Reagan Doctrine
      • Reaganomics
    • Stalwarts
    • Tea Party movement
      • Freedom Caucus
    • Trumpism
      • Christian Trumpism
      • QAnon

Asian

European

  • Ancient Rome
  • Belgium
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
    • Bonapartism
      • Neo-Bonapartism
    • Gaullism
    • LePenism
    • Monarchism
      • Legitimism
      • Orléanism
      • Ultra-royalism
    • Nouvelle Droite
    • Revolutionary France
      • Ancien Régime
      • Chouannerie
      • Historical Right
      • Thermidorians
  • Germany
    • Bismarkianism
      • Conservative socialism
      • State socialism
    • Conservative revolutionary movement
      • Prussian socialism
    • Monarchism
    • Neue Rechte
    • Prussianism
    • Reichsbürger movement
  • Greece
  • Hungary
    • Orbanism
  • Iceland
  • Conservatism in Italy
  • Luxembourg
  • Poland
  • Norway
  • Russia
  • Serbia
  • Spain
    • Falangism
    • Francoism
    • Integrism
    • Monarchism
      • Carlism
        • Hugism
    • Neocatholicism
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
    • Butskellism
    • Cavaliers
      • Tories
        • New Tories
    • Jacobitism
    • Monarchism
    • Nativism
    • Neoconservatism
    • One-nation conservatism
      • Cameronism
        • Big Society
        • Muscular liberalism
      • Johnsonism
    • Thatcherism
      • Blatcherism
    • Toryism
      • High Toryism
        • Johnsonism
        • Powellism
      • Tory anarchism
      • Tory democracy
        • Tory socialism
      • Ultra-Toryism

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • Fiji
  • New Zealand
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Samoa
  • Tonga
  • Vanuatu

Corporatism

General

Other

  • Christian democracy
  • Class collaborationism
  • Consociationalism
  • Cooperativism
  • Corporate feudalism
  • Corporate statism
  • Corporate welfarism
  • Guild socialism
  • Guildism
  • Managerialism
  • Mutualist movement
  • National syndicalism
  • Neo-feudalism

Religious variants

  • Christian corporatism
    • Distributism

Regional variants

Western Europe

  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • France
    • National syndicalism
    • Yellow socialism
  • Germany
    • Bismarkianism
      • Conservative socialism
      • State socialism
    • Conservative revolutionary movement
      • Fascist corporatism
      • Prussian socialism
    • Ordoliberalism
      • Rhine model
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Luxembourg
  • Portugal
    • National syndicalism
  • Netherlands
  • Spain
    • Fascist corporatism
    • National syndicalism
  • Switzerland

Democracy

Symbol of Democracy
Symbol of Democracy(1)
Symbol of Democracy
Symbol of Democracy(2)


General

  • Associative democracy
  • Bioregional democracy
  • Bourgeois democracy
  • Cellular democracy
  • Conservative democracy
  • Constitutional democracy
  • Cosmopolitan democracy
  • Defensive democracy
  • Economic democracy
  • E-democracy
    • Collaborative e-democracy
    • E-government
    • E-participation
    • Interactive democracy
  • Ethnic democracy
    • Herrenvolk democracy
  • Guided democracy
  • Liquid democracy
  • Market democracy
  • Media democracy
  • Multiparty democracy
  • Non-partisan democracy
  • Participatory democracy
  • Pluralist democracy
  • Procedural democracy
  • Proletarian democracy
  • Racial democracy
  • Radical democracy
  • Representative democracy
    • Council democracy
    • Electoral democracy
    • Ethnocracy
    • Liberal democracy
      • Illiberal democracy
    • Parliamentary democracy
      • Westminster democracy
    • Presidential democracy
    • Totalitarian democracy
  • Republican democracy
  • Revolutionary democracy
  • Sectarian democracy
  • Semi-democracy
  • Semi-direct democracy
  • Social democracy
  • Socialist democracy
    • Economic democracy
    • Marxist democracy
    • Marxist–Leninist democracy
      • New Democracy
      • People's democracy
        • People's dictatorship democracy
        • Whole-process people's democracy
  • Sovereign democracy
  • Substantive democracy
  • Tory democracy

Other

  • Demarchism
  • Democratic capitalism
  • Democratic centralism
  • Democratic confederalism
  • Democratic globalization
    • Democratic mundialization
  • Democratic republicanism
  • Democratic socialism
  • Democratic transhumanism
  • Majoritarianism
  • Producerism
  • Sortitionism

Direct democracy movements

  • Anticipatory democracy
  • Anti-corruption movements
  • Anti-establishmentarianism
  • Anti-particracy movements
  • Cellular democracy
  • Collaborative governance
  • Consensus democracy
  • Copyright reform movements
  • Council democracy
  • Cyber-utopianism
  • Deliberative democracy
  • Delegative democracy
  • Dynamic governance
  • E-democracy
  • Economic democracy
  • Empowered democracy
  • Grassroots democracy
  • Inclusive Democracy
  • Localism
  • Marxist democracy
  • Net neutrality movements
  • Open-source governance
  • Pirate politics
  • Popular democracy
  • Producerism
  • Semi-direct democracy

Pirate politics

Pirate politics
IdeologyAnti-corruption
Civil libertarianism
Civil rights
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Participatory democracy
Social liberalism
Political internationals
  • Pirate Parties International (pirate politics)
  • Anti-copyright movement
  • Anti-corruption movement
  • Civil rights movement
  • Civil libertarianism
  • Direct democracy
    • Economic democracy
    • E-democracy
    • Participatory democracy
  • Free speech movement
  • Information privacy movement
  • Net neutrality movement
  • Free and open-source software

Opposition

  • Anti-democratism

Religious variants

Christian democracy

Political internationals
  • Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
  • Christian Democrat Organization of America (Christian democracy)
General
  • Distributism
    • Social credit movement
  • Gremialismo
  • Popularism
Other
  • Christian corporatism
  • Christian democratic welfarism
  • Christian egalitarianism
  • Communitarianism
  • Ordoliberalism
  • Progressive conservatism
  • Social conservatism

Other

  • Christian democracy
  • Islamic democracy
  • Jewish democracy
  • Theodemocracy

Regional variants

African

  • Egypt
  • Morocco

Asian

  • Bangladesh
  • China
    • Hong Kong
  • India
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Lebanon
  • Pakistan
  • Palestine
  • Rojava
  • Singapore
  • Vietnam

American

  • Chile
  • Chiapas
  • United States
    • Direct democracy
    • Jacksonian democracy
    • Jeffersonian democracy

European

  • Ancient Greece
    • Athenian democracy
    • Spartan democracy
  • Ancient Rome
  • Belarus
  • France
    • Paris Commune
  • Poland
    • Soviet democracy
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom

Oceanian

  • Australia

Environmentalism

Political internationals
  • Friends of the Earth (environmentalism)
  • Global Greens (green politics)
  • World Ecological Parties (bright green environmentalism)

Bright green environmentalism

Deep green environmentalism

Light green environmentalism

  • Free-market environmentalism
  • Green conservatism
    • Fiscal environmentalism
  • Green liberalism

Other

  • Ecofeminism
  • Eco-nationalism
    • Green Zionism
  • Green left
    • Eco-socialism
  • Localism
  • Queer ecology

Opposition

Religious variants

  • Christian environmentalism
    • Eco-theology
    • Evangelical environmentalism
  • Islamic environmentalism
  • Jewish environmentalism
  • Maori environmentalism
  • Spiritual ecology

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

  • Switzerland

Oceanian

Fascism

Political internationals
  • World Union of National Socialists (Nazism)

General

Other

  • Alt-right movement
  • Aryanism
  • Conservative revolutionary movement
  • Corporate statism
  • Fascist corporatism
  • Fascist mysticism
  • Esoteric fascism
  • Fascist syndicalism
  • Feudal fascism
  • Nazism
  • Neo-Nazism
  • Nouvelle Droite
  • Palingenetic ultranationalism
  • Racial nationalism
  • Supremacism
  • Syncretism
  • Third Position
  • Ultranationalism
  • Metaxism

Opposition

By country

  • During and before World War II
    • Albania
    • Austria
    • Belgium
    • Bulgaria
    • Burma
    • China
    • Czech Republic
    • Denmark
    • France
      • Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
    • Germany
      • Antifaschistische Aktion
      • Iron Front
    • Greece
    • Hungary
    • Italy
      • Arditi del Popolo
    • Japan
    • Lithuania
    • Malaysia
    • Moldova
    • Netherlands
    • Norway
    • Partisan resistance movement (multinational)
      • Jewish partisans
    • Philippines
    • Poland
      • Anti-Fascist Bloc
      • Jewish Combat Organization
    • Portugal
    • Slovakia
    • Soviet Union
    • Spain
    • Thailand
    • Yugoslavia
  • Post-World War II
    • Austria
    • Burma
    • Germany
    • Sweden
    • United Kingdom
      • Anti-Fascist Action
      • Anti-Nazi League
      • Movement for Justice
      • Red Action
      • Squadism
      • Unite Against Fascism
    • United States
      • Anti-Racist Action
      • By Any Means Necessary
      • Redneck Revolt
      • Refuse Fascism
      • Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice

Religious variants

  • Christofascism
    • Christian Identity
    • Positive Christianity
  • Clerical fascism
  • Esoteric Nazism
    • Ariosophy
  • Islamofascism
  • Kahanism

Regional variants

African

  • Rwanda
  • South Africa
    • Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
    • Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging
  • Togo
  • Zaire

American

  • Latin America
    • Argentina
      • Nacionalismo
    • Bolivia
      • Neo-fascism
    • Brazil
      • Integralism
      • Nazism
        • Neo-Nazism
    • Chile
      • Nazism
        • Neo-Nazism
    • Costa Rica
    • Mexico
      • Mexican synarchism
    • Peru
      • Ethnocacerism
  • North America
    • Canada
      • Nazism
        • Neo-Nazism
    • United States
      • Nazism
        • Neo-Nazism
      • Neo-fascism
        • Anarcho-fascism
      • Trumpism

Asian

  • East Asian
    • China
    • Indonesia
    • Japan
      • Technofascism
    • Mongolia
      • Neo-Nazism
    • Taiwan
      • Neo-Nazism
  • West Asian
    • Arab fascism
    • Iran
      • Neo-Nazism
    • Israel
      • Kahanism
      • Neo-Nazism
    • Lebanon
    • Syria
    • Turkey
      • Neo-Nazism

European

  • Albania
    • Nazism
  • Austria
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
  • Belgium
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria
  • Belarus
  • Croatia
    • Frankism
    • Ustasism
    • Neo-fascism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Czech Republic
  • Czechoslovakia
    • Nástupism
  • Denmark
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Estonia
    • Antisemitism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • France
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
      • Neo-Nazism
    • Neo-socialism
    • Révolution nationale
  • Germany
    • Nazi Germany
      • Antisemitism
      • Hitlerism
      • Strasserism
    • Neo-Nazism
    • Völkisch movement
  • Greece
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
      • Neo-Nazism
        • Golden Dawn
    • Neo-fascism
  • Hungary
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
      • Neo-Nazism
  • Italy
    • Classical fascism
      • Actual idealism
        • Antisemitism
      • Fasci movement
      • Futurism
      • Mussolinism
      • Republican fascism
      • Revolutionary fascism
      • Sansepolcrismo
    • Nazism
      • Nazi-Maoism
      • Neo-Nazism
    • Neo-fascism
      • Italian Social Movement
    • Post-fascism
  • Latvia
    • Antisemitism
  • Lithuania
  • Netherlands
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Norway
    • Antisemitism
  • Poland
    • Antisemitism
    • National radicalism
  • Portugal
    • Antisemitism
    • Neo-fascism
  • Romania
    • Antisemitism
    • Nazism
    • Antonism
  • Russia
    • Ruscism
    • Nazism
      • Neo-Nazism
  • Serbia
  • Slovakia
    • Neo-fascism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Slovenia
    • Antisemitism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Spain
    • Antisemitism in Spain
    • Francoism
  • Sweden
    • Sweden
    • Neo-Nazism
  • Switzerland
  • Ukraine
    • Antisemitism
    • Banderism
    • Neo-Nazism
  • United Kingdom
    • Neo-fascism
  • Yugoslavia
    • Antisemitism

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • New Zealand
    • Neo-Nazism

Identity politics

Political internationals
  • International Council of Women (feminism)
  • Minority Rights Group International (minority rights)
  • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (indigenous rights and self-determination)

Feminism

General

  • Analytical feminism
  • Anarcha-feminism
  • Care-focused feminism
  • Conservative feminism
  • Cultural feminism
  • Cyberfeminism
  • Difference feminism
  • Eco-feminism
    • Vegetarian eco-feminism
  • Equality feminism
  • Gender feminism
  • Gender-critical feminism
  • Individualist feminism
  • Intersectional feminism
  • Labor feminism
  • Lesbian feminism
  • Liberal feminism
    • Equity feminism
  • Libertarian feminism
  • Lipstick feminism
    • Neo-feminism
  • Material feminism
  • Maternal feminism
  • Post-modern feminism
  • Pro-feminism
  • Radical feminism
    • Trans-exclusionary radical feminism
    • Women's liberation movement
  • Separatist feminism
  • Sex-positive feminism
  • Social feminism
  • Socialist feminism
    • Marxist feminism
  • Standpoint feminism
  • State feminism
  • Transfeminism

Opposition

Chronological variants

  • Proto-feminism
  • First-wave feminism
  • Second-wave feminism
  • Third-wave feminism
  • Fourth-wave feminism
  • Post-feminism

Ethnic and social variants

  • Black feminism
  • Chicana feminism
  • Dalit feminism
  • French feminism
    • Post-structural feminism
  • Indigenous feminism
    • Native American feminism
  • Kurdish feminism
  • Post-colonial feminism
    • Global feminism
    • Third-world feminism
    • Transnational feminism
  • White feminism

Religious variants

  • Atheist feminism
  • Buddhist feminism
  • Christian feminism
    • New feminism
  • Hindu feminism
  • Islamic feminism
  • Jewish feminism
    • Orthodox Jewish feminism
  • Mormon feminism
  • Neopagan feminism
    • Dianic Wicca
    • Reclaiming
  • Sikh feminism

Regional variants

African
  • Congo
  • Egypt
  • Ethiopia
  • Ghana
  • Mali
  • Nigeria
  • South Africa
American
  • Latin America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Haiti
    • Honduras
    • Mexico
    • Paraguay
    • Trinidad and Tobago
  • North America
    • Canada
    • United States
Asian
  • Bangladesh
  • China
  • Hong Kong
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Lebanon
  • Malaysia
  • Nepal
  • Northern Cyprus
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • South Korea
  • Syria
  • Taiwan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
  • Vietnam
European
  • Albania
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Russia
  • Sweden
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
Oceanian
  • Australia
  • New Zealand

LGBTQ social movements

  • Gay liberation
  • Homonationalism
  • LGBT conservatism
  • LGBTQ pride
  • LGBTQ rights opposition
  • Pink capitalism
  • Queer anarchism
  • Queer radicalism
  • Queer ecology
  • Queer nationalism
  • Socialism and LGBTQ rights
  • Transfeminism

Men's movement

Regional variants

  • Australia
  • India
  • Italy
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Self-determination movements

African-American

  • African-American self-determination movement
  • Black anarchism
  • Black capitalism
    • Black conservatism
  • Black feminism
  • Black power
  • Pan-Africanism

Indigenous peoples

  • Australian Aborigines self-determination movement
  • First Nations self-determination movement
  • Greenlandic independence movement
  • Indigenous self-determination movement
  • Māori self-determination movement
  • Native American self-determination movement
  • Pan-Indianism

Latin American

  • Chicanism
    • Chicano movement
  • Hispanicism
  • Indigenism
    • Katarism
    • Mexico
    • Peru
  • Pan-Americanism
  • Pan-Hispanism

Separatist and supremacist movements

Ethnic

Black
White
Regional variants
African
  • South Africa
American
Asian
  • Pakistan
European
  • Belgium
  • Bosnia, and Herzegovina
  • Georgia
    • Separatism in Chechnya
    • Separatism in Dagestan
    • Separatism in Tatarstan
    • Separatism in Ural
  • Serbia
  • Spain
    • Basque separatism
    • Catalan separatism
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
Oceania
  • Australia
    • Tasmania

Gender

Religious variants

Student movements

General

  • Anarchist free school movement
  • Student activism

Regional variants

  • Argentina
  • Australia
  • Bangladesh
  • Canada
  • Chile
  • China
  • Congo
  • Eastern Europe
    • Albania
    • Belarus
    • Czechoslovakia
    • Georgia
    • Hungary
    • Kyrgyzstan
    • Serbia
    • Ukraine
  • European Union
    • France
    • Germany
    • United Kingdom
  • Hong Kong
  • India
    • Assam Movement
    • Pro-jallikattu movement
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Malaysia
  • Mexico
  • Philippines
  • Taiwan
  • Uganda
  • United States
    • New Students for a Democratic Society
    • Rouge Forum
    • Students for a Democratic Society
      • Worker Student Alliance
    • Student Press Law Center

Liberalism

Political internationals
  • Liberal International (liberalism)
  • Transnational Radical Party (radicalism)

General

  • Agonistic liberalism
  • Classical liberalism
  • Conservative liberalism
  • Constitutional liberalism
  • Cultural liberalism
  • Economic liberalism
  • Green liberalism
  • Muscular liberalism
  • National liberalism
  • Neoclassical liberalism
  • Neo-liberalism
  • Ordoliberalism
  • Secular liberalism
  • Social liberalism
  • Technoliberalism

Other

  • Anti anti-communism
  • Liberal centrism
    • Liberal communitarianism
    • Liberal moderatism
    • Liberal syncretism
    • Radical centrism
    • Sinistrisme
    • Third Way
    • Trasformismo
  • Liberal constitutionalism
  • Liberal egalitarianism
  • Liberal autocracy
  • Liberal conservatism
  • Liberal corporatism
  • Liberal democracy
  • Liberal feminism
    • Equity feminism
  • Liberal internationalism
  • Liberal progressivism
  • Liberal socialism
    • Ethical socialism
  • Liberal transhumanism
  • Liberal welfarism
  • Liberal radicalism
  • Liberal republicanism
    • Classical republicanism
    • Democratic republicanism
    • Legal egalitarianism
    • Modern republicanism
    • Neo-republicanism
  • Social libertarianism
  • Whiggism

Opposition

Regional variants

African

  • Egypt
  • Nigeria
  • Senegal
  • South Africa
  • Tunisia
  • Zimbabwe

American

  • Latin America
    • Bolivia
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Colombia
    • Cuba
    • Ecuador
    • Honduras
    • Mexico
    • Nicaragua
    • Panama
    • Paraguay
    • Peru
    • Puerto Rico
    • Uruguay
      • Artiguism
      • Batllism
    • Venezuela
  • North America
    • Canada
    • United States
      • Abolitionism
      • Anti-Federalism
        • Anti-Administration party
        • Democratic republicanism
          • Jacobinism
          • Jeffersonianism
      • Democratism
        • New democratism
          • Clintonism
      • Liberal republicanism
        • Moderate republicanism
        • Radical republicanism
      • Modern liberalism

Asian

  • China
  • Hong Kong
  • India
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Philippines
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
    • Liberal Kemalism

European

  • Albania
  • Armenia
  • Austria
    • Jacobinism
  • Belgium
  • Bulgaria
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czech lands
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
  • Finland
  • France
    • Abolitionism
      • Society of the Friends of the Blacks
    • Republican Left
    • Revolutionary France
      • Historical Left
        • Jacobins
          • Cordeliers
          • Dantonists
          • Girondins
          • Hébertists
          • Montagnards
      • Modérantisme
        • Feuillants Club
        • Maraisards
          • Thermidorians
        • Monarchiens
        • Society of 1789
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Italy
    • Historical Left
    • Historical Right
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Macedonia
  • Moldova
  • Montenegro
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Russia
  • Serbia
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
    • Krausism
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
    • Abolitionism
    • Gladstonian liberalism
    • Manchester Liberalism
      • Cobdenism
    • Muscular liberalism
    • New liberalism
    • Radicalism
      • Chartism
      • Foxites
      • Jacobinism
      • Philosophical Radicalism
    • Roundheads
      • Cromwellism
      • Whigs
    • Spencerianism

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • New Zealand

Libertarianism

Political internationals
  • Center for a Stateless Society (left-libertarianism)
  • International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (right-libertarianism)
  • International of Anarchist Federations (anarchism)
  • International Union for Land Value Taxation (geoism)
  • Liberty International (right-libertarianism)

Left-libertarianism

  • Classical liberal radicalism
  • Eco-socialism
  • Free-market anarchism
  • Free-market anti-capitalism
    • Agorism
    • Counter-economics
    • Free-market socialism
    • Left-wing laissez-faire
    • Market-oriented left-libertarianism
    • Really Really Free Market movement
  • Geolibertarianism
  • Green anarchism
  • Individualist anarchism
  • Libertarian communism
  • Libertarian Marxism
  • Libertarian socialism
  • Mutualism
  • Social anarchism
  • Social libertarianism
  • Steiner–Vallentyne school

Right-libertarianism

  • Anarcho-capitalism
  • Austro-libertarianism
  • Chicagoanism
  • Conservative libertarianism
  • Fiscal conservatism
  • Free-marketism
    • Free-market fundamentalism
    • Right-wing laissez-faire
  • Fusionism
  • Neo-liberalism
  • Paleolibertarianism
  • Propertarianism

Other

  • Autarchism
  • Civil libertarianism
  • Consequentialist libertarianism
  • Constitutionalism
  • Laissez-faire
  • Libertarian conservatism
  • Libertarian feminism
  • Libertarian paternalism
  • Minarchism
  • Natural-rights libertarianism
  • Neoclassical liberalism
  • Panarchism
  • Radicalism
  • Technolibertarianism
    • Libertarian transhumanism
      • Anarcho-transhumanism
    • Californian Ideology
    • Techno-utopianism
  • Voluntaryism

Opposition

  • Anti-libertarianism

Religious variants

  • Christian libertarianism
  • Libertarian Christianity

Regional variants

African

  • South Africa
    • Anarchism

American

United States
  • Anarcho-capitalism
    • Freedmanian anarcho-capitalism
    • Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism
      • Hoppean anarcho-capitalism
  • Anarcho-communism
  • Anarcho-syndicalism
    • Wobblyism
  • Crypto-anarchism
  • Egoist anarchism
  • Free-market anti-capitalism
    • Free-market anarchism
      • Agorism
      • Free-market socialism
        • Laissez-faire socialism
        • Mutualism
        • Neo-mutualism
      • Market-oriented left-libertarianism
        • Left-wing laissez-faire
          • Laissez-faire socialism
        • Left-wing market anarchism
  • Green anarchism
  • Individualist anarchism
  • Libertarian democratism
    • Bleeding-heart libertarianism
  • Libertarian republicanism
    • Conservative libertarianism
      • Reaganism
  • Right-wing laissez-faire
    • Laissez-faire capitalism
    • Raw capitalism
  • Social anarchism

Asian

European

Oceanian

  • Australia
    • Anarchism
      • Anarcho-technocracy

Nationalism

Political internationals

General

Other

  • Anti-imperialism
    • Isolationism
    • Souverainism
  • Chauvinism
    • Fascism
      • Nazism
        • Neo-Nazism
      • Neo-fascism
    • Han chauvinism
    • Local ethnic chauvinism
    • Welfare chauvinism
  • Communitarianism
  • Dark Enlightenment
  • Euroscepticism
    • Hard Euroscepticism
    • Soft Euroscepticism
  • Nashism
  • National-anarchism
  • National Bolshevism
  • National capitalism
  • National communism
  • National conservatism
  • National liberalism
  • National mysticism
  • National populism
  • National socialism
  • National syndicalism
  • Nativism
  • Patriotism
  • Sovereignism

Opposition

Religious variants

  • Pagan nationalism
  • Buddhist nationalism
    • 969 Movement
    • Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
  • Christian nationalism
  • Hindu nationalism
  • Muslim nationalism
  • New Confucianism
  • Religious Zionism
    • Christian Zionism
  • Sikh nationalism
  • State Shinto
    • Showa Statism

Regional variants

African

  • Algeria
  • Berber
  • East Congo
    • Lumumbism
  • Egypt
  • Ethiopia
  • Hutu Power
  • Madagascar
  • Nigeria
    • Igbo nationalism
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
    • Afrikaners

American

  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Canada
    • Quebec
  • Costa Rica
  • Creole nationalism
  • Greenland
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • United States
    • American exceptionalism
    • Americanism
    • Chicano nationalism
    • Hawaiian sovereignty movement
    • Manifest destiny
    • New Nationalism
    • Puerto Rico independence movement
    • Southern nationalism
      • Confederatism
        • Neo-confederate movement

Asian

  • Arab
  • Armenia
  • Assyria
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bangladesh
  • Cambodia
  • China
  • India
  • Iran
    • Iranian Islamonationalism
  • Israel
    • Bundism
    • Canaanism
    • Cultural Zionism
    • Federal Zionism
    • Green Zionism
    • Golus nationalism
      • Yiddishism
    • Labor Zionism
    • Liberal Zionism
      • Reform Zionism
    • Neo-Zionism
      • Greater Israel
    • Political Zionism
    • Post-Zionism
    • Practical Zionism
    • Revisionist Zionism
      • Revisionist Maximalism
    • Revolutionary Zionism
      • National Bolshevism
    • Synthetic Zionism
    • Zionism
  • Japan
  • Karen
  • Korean
  • Kurdish
    • Kurdish Islamonationalism
  • Malaysia
  • Pakistan
    • Kashmir
  • Philippines
  • Sri Lanka
  • Turkey
    • Kemalism or Atatürk nationalism
    • Neo-Ottomanism
    • Turkish Islamonationalism
  • Vietnam
    • Degar

European

  • Albania
    • Kosovo
  • Armenia
  • Austria
    • German nationalism in Austria
  • Belarus
  • Bulgaria
  • Czechoslovakia
    • Czech Republic
    • Slovakia
  • Estonia
  • France
    • Alsace
    • Brittany
    • Corsica
    • Gaullism
    • Occitania
    • Souverainism
  • Georgia
  • Germany
    • Bavaria
    • Prussia
    • New Nationalism
    • Reichsbürger movement
  • Golus nationalism
  • Greece
    • Cyprus
    • Byzantinism
    • Megali Idea
    • Venizelism
  • Hungary
  • Ireland
    • Irish republicanism
    • Ulster unionism
  • Italy
    • Lombardy
    • Padania
    • Sardinia
    • Sicily
    • Venetian
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Low Countries
    • Belgium
      • Flanders
      • Orangism
      • Rattachism
      • Wallonia
    • Netherlands
      • Frisia
  • Moldova
  • Poland
    • National Democracy
    • Polish Messianism
    • Silesia
    • Zadrugism
    • Szeklerland
  • Russia
    • Eurasianism
      • Duginism
        • Neo-Eurasianism
    • Extremist nationalism
      • Black Hundreds
    • Nashism
    • Bulgarism
    • Chechnya
    • Circassia
    • Karelia
  • Nordic countries
    • Faroe Islands
    • Finland
      • Fennoman movement
      • Svecoman movement
    • Greenland
    • Iceland
    • Norway
    • Sápmi
  • Spain
    • Basque
    • Canary Islands
    • Catalonia
    • Galicia
    • Valencia
      • Blaverism
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
    • British unionism
    • Cornwall
    • England
    • Northern Ireland
      • Ulster loyalism
      • Ulster nationalism
    • Scotland
    • Wales
  • Yugoslavia
    • Bosnia
    • Croatia
      • Dalmatia
      • Istria
    • Serbia
    • Macedonia
    • Montenegro
    • Slovenia

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • New Zealand
    • Māori
    • South Island

Unification movements

  • Chinese unificationism
    • Han nationalism
  • Continentalism
  • Eurasianism
  • Hui pan-nationalism
  • Indian nationalism
    • Anti-partitionism
      • Composite nationalism
      • Hindu–Muslim unity
        • Indian reunificationism
        • Indo-Pakistani Confederationism
  • Indigenism
    • Chicanismo
    • Indigenism movement
    • Pan-Indianism
  • Korean reunificationism
  • Multiculturalism
  • Neo-Sovietism
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Pan-Albanianism
  • Pan-Americanism
  • Pan-Arabism
    • Ba'athism
    • Nasserism
      • Neo-Ba'athism
        • Assadism
        • Saddamism
  • Pan-Asianism
  • Pan-Celticism
  • Pan-Dravidianism
  • Pan-Europeanism
    • Pro-Europeanism
    • European federalism
      • United States of Europe
    • Pan-European nationalism
  • Pan-Finnicism
  • Pan-Francoism
    • Rattachism
  • Pan-Germanism
    • German reunificationism
  • Pan-Hellenism
  • Pan-Hispanism
    • Patria Grande
  • Pan-Iberism
  • Pan-Iranism
  • Pan-Irishism
  • Pan-Islamism
  • Pan-Latin Americanism
  • Pan-Latinism
  • Pan-Mongolism
  • Pan-Netherlandism
    • Grootneerlandisme
    • Orangism
  • Pan-Oceanianism
  • Pan-Rumanianism
    • Moldovan-Romanian reunificationism
  • Pan-Scandinavianism
  • Pan-Slavism
    • Yugoslavism
  • Pan-Somalism
  • Pan-Turanism
  • Pan-Turkism
  • Postnationalism
  • Regionalism

Populism

Political internationals

General

Left-wing populism

Right-wing populism

Other

  • Agrarianism
    • Agrarian reformism
      • Land reform movement
    • Physiocracy
  • Communitarianism
  • Direct democracy
  • Euroscepticism
    • Hard Euroscepticism
    • Soft Euroscepticism
  • Localism
  • Regionalism
    • Sovereignism

Regional variants

African

Asian

  • Cyprus
    • Progressive Party of Working People
    • Solidarity Movement
  • Georgia
    • Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
  • India
    • Bahujan Samaj Party
      • Ambedkarism
    • Hindutva
      • Bharatiya Janata Party
        • Modism
  • Iran
  • Pakistan
    • Tehreek-e-Insaf
  • Turkey
    • Justice and Development Party
      • Erdoğanism
      • Neo-Ottomanism
    • Nationalist Movement Party
      • Idealism
    • Millî Görüş
      • Erbakanism

American

  • Latin America
    • Argentina
      • Kirchnerism
      • Peronism
    • Bolivia
      • Movement for Socialism
    • Brazil
      • Bolsonarism
      • Lulism
      • Petism
      • Podemos
    • Chile
      • Ibañism
    • Ecuador
      • PAIS Alliance
        • Correanism
    • Mexico
    • Nicaragua
      • Sandinism
    • Puerto Rico
    • Venezuela
      • Bolivarianism
        • Chavism
        • Fifth Republic Movement
  • North America
    • Canada
    • United States
      • Black populism movement
      • Bull Moose populism
      • Coffee Party movement
      • Jacksonian democracy
      • Jeffersonian democracy
      • Longism
      • People's Party populism
      • Perotism
      • Progressive populism
      • Tea Party movement
      • Trumpism
        • QAnon

European

  • Ancient Rome
    • Caesarism
    • Populares
  • Austria
    • Freedom Party of Austria
    • NOW – List Pilz
  • Belarus
    • Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus
  • Belgium
    • People's Party
    • Vlaams Belang
  • Bulgaria
    • United Patriots
    • Volya
  • Croatia
    • Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja
    • Human Shield
  • Cyprus
    • Citizens' Alliance
  • Czech Republic
    • ANO 2011
    • Czech Pirate Party
    • Dawn – National Coalition
    • Euroscepticism
    • Freedom and Direct Democracy
    • Party of Civic Rights
  • Denmark
    • Danish People's Party
    • Inuit Ataqatigiit
    • Red–Green Alliance
  • Estonia
    • Conservative People's Party of Estonia
  • European Union
    • Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe
    • European Alliance for Freedom
    • European United Left–Nordic Green Left
    • Euroscepticism
      • Hard Euroscepticism
      • Soft Euroscepticism
    • Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
    • Party of the European Left
  • Finland
    • Finns Party
      • Blue Reform
    • Seven Star Movement
    • Left Alliance
  • France
    • Debout la France
    • Frexit
    • La France Insoumise
    • Left Party
    • Paris Commune
      • Communard movement
    • Poujadism
    • Revolutionary France
      • Cordeliers
      • Hébertists
    • National Rally
    • Souverainism
    • Yellow vests movement
  • Germany
    • Alternative for Germany
    • The Left
    • Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht
  • Greece
  • Hungary
    • Fidesz
      • Orbánism
    • Jobbik
    • Hungarian withdrawal from the European Union
  • Italy
    • Five Star Movement
    • Italexit
    • Italian Left
    • Lega Nord
  • Iceland
    • Centre Party
    • Left-Green Movement
    • Pirate Party
    • People's Party
  • Ireland
  • Liechtenstein
    • The Independents
  • Lithuania
    • Order and Justice
  • Luxembourg
    • Alternative Democratic Reform Party
    • The Left
  • Nederlands
    • Forum for Democracy
    • Nexit
    • Party for Freedom
  • Norway
    • Progress Party
  • Poland
    • Congress of the New Right
    • Kukiz'15
    • Law and Justice
    • Real Politics Union
  • Portugal
  • Romania
    • Greater Romania Party
    • Poporanism
    • Romanian withdrawal from the European Union
  • Russia
    • A Just Russia
    • Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
    • Narodnik movement
    • Putinism
  • San Marino
    • Active Citizenship
    • United Left
  • Serbia
    • Dveri
    • Serbian Progressive Party
    • Serbian Radical Party
  • Slovenia
    • The Left
    • List of Marjan Šarec
    • Slovenian Democratic Party
    • Slovenian National Party
  • Spain
  • Sweden
    • Left Party
    • Sweden Democrats
  • Switzerland
    • Geneva Citizens' Movement
    • Landsgemeinde
    • Popular initiative
    • Swiss People's Party
    • Swiss semi-direct democracy
    • Ticino League
  • Ukraine
    • Svoboda
  • United Kingdom

Oceanian

Progressivism

Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

  • Anti-progressivism

Religious variants

Regional variants

  • Canada
  • South Korea
    • Centrist reformism
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
    • American System
    • Great Society
      • War on Poverty
    • New Deal
      • Fair Deal
      • Green New Deal
    • New Freedom
    • New Frontier
    • Progressive democratism
      • Justice democratism
    • Progressive Era
    • Whigs

Religio-political ideologies

Political internationals
  • Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
  • Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamism)
  • Humanist International (humanism)
  • Muslim Brotherhood (Islamism)

General

  • Anti-Masonry
    • Christian anti-Masonry
    • Muslim anti-Masonry
  • Antisemitism
    • Economic antisemitism
    • New antisemitism
    • Racial antisemitism
    • Religious antisemitism
  • Clericalism
  • Complementarianism
  • Confessionalism
  • Feminist theology
    • Thealogy
    • Womanist theology
  • Freemasonry
  • Humanism
    • Religious humanism
    • Secular humanism
  • Messianism
  • Millenarianism
  • Political religion
  • Postcolonial theology
  • Religious anarchism
  • Religious anti-Zionism
  • Religious apoliticism
  • Religious communism
  • Religious egalitarianism
  • Religious environmentalism
    • Spiritual ecology
  • Religious liberalism
  • Religious nationalism
  • Religious pacifism
  • Religious socialism
  • Secularism
    • Anti-clericalism
    • Cult of Reason
    • Disestablishmentarianism
    • Secular religion
    • Secular state
  • Spiritual left
  • State religion
    • Antidisestablishmentarianism
    • Cult of the Supreme Being
      • Theophilanthropy
    • Theocracy
    • Theonomy

Political atheism and agnosticism

  • Atheist feminism
  • Marxist–Leninist atheism
  • Secular humanism
  • Secular liberalism
  • State atheism

Political Baháʼí Faith

  • New world order (Baháʼí)
    • Opposition

Political Buddhism

  • Buddhist anarchism
  • Buddhist feminism
  • Buddhist modernism
    • Engaged Buddhism
    • Humanistic Buddhism
    • Secular Buddhism
  • Buddhist nationalism
    • 969 Movement
    • Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
  • Buddhist socialism

Political Christianity

  • Caesaropapism
  • Christian antisemitism
  • Christian democracy
    • Christian corporatism
    • Distributism
    • Gremialismo
    • Popolarismo
    • Social credit
  • Christian egalitarianism
  • Christian environmentalism
    • Ecotheology
    • Evangelical environmentalism
  • Christian feminism
  • Christian humanism
  • Christianism
  • Christian left
  • Christian pacifism
  • Christian right
    • Christian fundamentalism
      • Traditionalist Catholicism
    • Christian libertarianism
      • Libertarian Christianity
    • Christian nationalism
      • Christian Zionism
      • Christofascism
        • Clerical fascism
      • Clerico-nationalism
      • National Catholicism
    • Christian reconstructionism
      • Dominionism
    • Theoconservatism
  • Distributism
    • Social credit movement
  • Integralism
    • Integral humanism
    • Integrism
    • Integral nationalism
      • Brazilian
      • French
        • Maurrassisme
      • Lusitanian
  • Jesuism
  • Political Catholicism
  • Political Mormonism
    • Deseret Nationalism
    • Mormon feminism
    • Mormon fundamentalism
    • Theodemocracy

Political Confucianism

  • Neo-Confucianism
  • New Confucianism

Political Hinduism

  • Gandhism
    • Gandhian socialism
    • Hindu-Muslim unity
  • Hindu feminism
  • Hindu nationalism
    • Akhand Bharat
    • Hindu revolution
    • Hindutva
    • Integral humanism
  • Hindu revivalism

Political indigenous religions

  • Maori environmentalism

Political Islam

  • Gülen movement
  • Hindu-Muslim unity
  • Islamic anarchism
  • Islamic antisemitism
  • Islamic democracy
  • Islamic environmentalism
  • Islamic egalitarianism
  • Islamic feminism
  • Islamic liberalism
  • Islamic modernism
  • Islamic monarchism
  • Islamic pacifism
  • Islamic republicanism
    • Qutbism
    • Khomeinism
  • Islamic socialism
  • Islamic Zionism
  • Islamism
    • Islamic fundamentalism
      • Islamic fascism
      • Jihadism
      • Worldwide caliphate
    • Post-Islamism
  • Muslim nationalism in South Asia
  • Pan-Islamism

Political Judaism

  • Cultural Zionism
  • Jewish anarchism
  • Jewish Autonomism
  • Jewish democracy
  • Jewish egalitarianism
  • Jewish environmentalism
  • Jewish feminism
    • Orthodox Jewish feminism
  • Jewish fundamentalism
  • Jewish humanism
    • Homaranismo
  • Jewish left
    • Bundism
  • Jewish secularism
  • Kibbutzim
    • Kibbutz movement
    • Religious Kibbutz Movement
  • Zionism
    • Halachic state
    • Religious Zionism

Political Neopaganism

  • Neopagan feminism
    • Reclaiming
  • Romantic nationalism
    • Odalism
  • Slavic Native Faith
    • Praskozorje
    • Peterburgian Vedism
    • Ynglism
    • Zadrugism

Political Shinto

  • State Shinto
    • Showa Statism

Political Sikhism

  • Khalistan movement
  • Sikh feminism

Political Taoism

  • Huang–Lao
  • Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
  • Way of the Taiping

Political Zoroastrianism

  • Mazdakism

Satirical and anti-politics

General

  • Abstentionism
  • Anti-Centrism
  • Apoliticism

Other

  • Dark Enlightenment
  • Populism
  • Anti-politics

Religious variants

  • Political quietism

Regional variants

  • Australia
  • Belarus
  • Belgium
  • Canada
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
  • Faroe Island
  • Germany
  • Hungary
  • Iceland
  • Iran
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • Malta
  • New Zealand
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Romania
  • Serbia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Social democracy

Political internationals

General

Other

  • Democratic socialism
  • Social democratic corporatism
    • Nordic model
  • Social democratic populism
  • Social democratic Shachtmanism
  • Social democratic transhumanism
  • Social democratic welfarism
  • Third Way

Opposition

Regional variants

African

  • Egypt
  • Ghana
  • Guinea
  • Kenya
  • Tanzania
  • Tunisia

American

  • Caribbean
  • Latin America
    • Argentina
    • Bolivia
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Colombia
    • Costa Rica
    • Ecuador
    • Mexico
    • Nicaragua
    • Paraguay
    • Puerto Rico
    • Uruguay
    • Venezuela
  • North America
    • Canada

Asian

  • Bangladesh
  • China
  • Hong Kong
  • India
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Kurdistan
  • Myanmar
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • Syria

European

  • Andorra
  • Bulgaria
  • Cyprus
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Moldova
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Russia
  • Slovakia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
    • England
      • New Labourism
        • Blairism
          • Blatcherism
        • Brownism
        • Gaitskellism
    • Northern Ireland
    • Scotland
    • Wales

Oceanian

  • Australia
  • Melanesia
  • New Zealand

Socialism

symbol of Socialism
Symbol of Socialism
Political internationals

General

  • Democratic socialism
    • Menshevism
  • Reformist socialism
    • Fabianism
    • Gradualism
    • Lassallism
    • Immediatism
    • Marxist revisionism
    • Possibilism
  • Revolutionary socialism
    • Impossibilism
    • Neo-Babouvism

Authoritarian

  • Barracks socialism
    • Nechayevshchina
  • Blanquism
  • Leninism
    • Democratic centralism
    • Marxism–Leninism
      • Brezhnevism
        • Real socialism
      • Castroism
      • Ceaușism
      • Dubčekism
      • Gorbachevism
      • Guevarism
        • Focalism
      • Ho Chi Minh Thought
      • Hoxhaism
      • Husakism
      • Juche
        • Kimilsungism
        • Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
      • Kadarism
      • Khrushchevism
        • De-Stalinization
      • Maoism
        • Maoism–Third Worldism
          • Third Worldism
          • Third World socialism
        • Mao-Spontex
        • Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
          • Gonzalo Thought
          • Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
        • Pol Potism
        • Socialism with Chinese characteristics
          • Deng Xiaoping Theory
          • Mao Zedong Thought
          • Scientific Outlook on Development
          • Three Principles of the People
          • Three Represents
          • Xi Jinping Thought
      • Marxist–Leninist atheism
      • Scientific socialism
      • Stalinism
        • Anti-revisionism
        • Neo-Stalinism
        • Socialism in One Country
        • Soviet anti-Zionism
      • Titoism
        • Đilasism
        • Rankovićism
        • Socialist nationalism
    • Trotskyism
      • Unorthodox Trotskyism
        • Pabloism
        • Posadism
        • Third camp Trotskyism
      • Orthodox Trotskyism
    • Vanguardism
    • War socialism
  • Nechayevism
  • Tkachevism

Libertarian

Other

  • Agrarian socialism
  • African socialism
    • Harambee
    • Nkrumaism
    • Senghorism
    • Ubuntuism
    • Ujamaa
  • Arab socialism
    • Ba'athism
    • Nasserism
    • Third International Theory
  • Centrist Marxism
  • Communitarianism
  • Copyleft
  • Eco-socialism
  • Economic egalitarianism
  • Economic progressivism
  • Ethical socialism
  • Guild socialism
  • International socialism
  • Kibbutz movement
  • Labourism
  • Liberal socialism
  • Market socialism
    • Langian socialism
    • Millian socialism
    • Ricardian socialism
    • Smithian socialism
    • Veblenian socialism
  • Marxist democracy
  • Millennial socialism
  • Municipal socialism
  • Queer socialism
  • Proto-socialism
    • Chartists
    • Communards
    • Diggers
    • Jacobins
    • Levellers
    • Radicals
  • Radicalism
  • Scientific socialism
  • Social egalitarianism
  • Social democracy
  • Socialism of the 21st century
  • Socialist feminism
    • Marxist feminism
  • Socialist nationalism
  • Socialist populism
  • Utopian socialism
  • World socialism

Opposition

Religious variants

  • Buddhist socialism
  • Christian socialism
  • Islamic socialism
    • Islamic Marxism
  • Jewish socialism
    • Bundism
    • Kibbutzim
  • Mazdakism

Regional variants

African

  • Angola
  • Benin
  • Congo
  • Egypt
  • Eritrea
  • Ethiopia
  • Ghana
  • Guinea
  • Kenya
    • Kenya People's Union
  • Libya
    • Third International Theory
  • Madagascar
  • Mali
  • Mozambique
  • Senegal
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
    • Abahlali baseMjondolo
    • Trotskyism
  • Tanzania
  • Tunisia
  • Zanzibar

American

  • Caribbean
    • Granada
  • Latin America
    • Argentina
    • Bolivia
      • Fejuve
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Colombia
    • Costa Rica
      • Figuerism
    • Ecuador
    • Mexico
      • Magonism
      • Zapatism
        • Neo-Zapatism
          • Zapatistas
    • Nicaragua
      • Sandinismo
    • Paraguay
    • Uruguay
    • Venezuela
  • North America
    • Canada
    • United States
      • African-American leftism
      • American Left
      • Sewer socialism

Asian

  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bangladesh
  • Bukharan
  • Cambodia
    • Khmer Rouge
    • Salvation Front
  • China
    • Chinese Soviet Republic
    • Hong Kong
    • Kuomintang
      • Tridemism
        • Dai Jitao Thought
  • Georgia
  • India
    • Gandhian socialism
    • Nehruism
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Israel
  • Japan
  • Kazakhstan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Korea
    • North Korea
    • South Korea
  • Laos
  • Mongolia
  • Myanmar
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
  • Palestine
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • Syria
    • Democratic confederalism
  • Tajikistan
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Vietnam
    • Trotskyism
  • Yemen

European

  • Albania
  • Andorra
  • Bosnia, and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria
  • Byelarus
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
    • Commune of the Working People of Estonia
  • Finland
    • Left Alliance
  • France
    • Jacobinism
  • Germany
    • East Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Macedonia
  • Moldova
  • Montenegro
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Social Democratic Party
  • Russia
    • Narodniks
    • Mensheviks
    • Bolsheviks
      • Centre
        • Kamenevism
        • Stalinism
        • Zinovievism
      • Left Opposition
        • Trotskyism
      • Old Bolsheviks
        • Recallists
        • Ultimatists
      • Right Opposition
        • Bukharinism
        • Noginism
        • Rykovism
        • Tomskyism
    • Soviet democracy
  • Serbia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Ukraine
    • Makhnovism
  • United Kingdom
    • England
      • Old Labourism
        • Bennism
        • Bevanism
        • Corbynism
    • New Left
    • Trotskyism
  • Yugoslavia

Oceanian

Syndicalism

Political internationals
  • International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
  • International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)

General

  • Anarcho-syndicalism
  • Co-operatism
  • De Leonism
  • Revolutionary syndicalism
  • Sorelianism
  • Wobblyism

Other

Opposition

  • Anti-unionism

Regional variants

  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Russia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Transhumanism

Political internationals
  • Humanity+ (transhumanist politics)

General

  • Anarcho-transhumanism
  • Democratic transhumanism
  • Libertarian transhumanism

Other

  • Anti-aging movement
  • Extropianism
  • Immortalism
  • Post-genderism
  • Post-politicism
  • Singularitarianism
  • Technogaianism
  • Technological utopianism
  • Techno-progressivism

Regional variants

  • United States

See also

  • Direct democracy
  • Ideology
  • List of communist ideologies
  • List of forms of government
  • List of ideologies named after people
  • List of political systems in France
  • Participatory democracy
  • Political international
  • Political party
  • Representative democracy
  • Suffrage
    • Universal suffrage

References

  1. Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
  2. D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
  3. Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
  4. Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
  5. Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
  6. Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
  7. Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
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