List of anatomical variations
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This article provides a comprehensive list of anatomical variations, which are naturally occurring differences in human morphology. These variations are not considered defects or abnormalities but rather normal deviations that do not inherently indicate pathology.
Head and neck
Skeletal variations
- Basilar tubercle of clivus
- Clivus bony canal
- Condylus tertius
- Epipteric bone
- Foramen tympanicum
- Ossified petrosphenoid ligament
- Ossification anomalies of the atlas (C1)
- Craniopharyngeal canal
- Canalis basilaris medianus
- Fossa navicularis magna
- Transverse basilar fissure (Saucer’s fissure)
- Arcus praebasiocipitalis
- Stafne bone cavity
- Foramen arcuale
- Ossiculum terminale (of dens)
- Os odontoideum
- Intermediate condylar canal
- Arcus praebasiocipitalis
- Inca bone
- Haller cells
- Sphenoethmoidal air cell (Onodi cell)
- Accessory maxillary osteum
- Thyroid foramen
Muscular variations
- Levator glandulae thyroidea (levator muscle of thyroid gland)
- Accessory digastric muscle
- Atlantomastoid muscle
- Styloauricularis muscle
- Transversus nuchae muscle
- Pterygoideus proprius muscle
- Levator claviculae muscle
- Levator glandulae thyroidea muscle
- Cleidoatlanticus muscle
- Cleidocervical muscle
- Cleidofascialis muscle
- Cleidohyoideus muscle
- Cleidomastoideus muscle
- Cleido-occipitalis cervicalis muscle
- Cricocorniculate muscle
- Cricohyoid muscle (variation of thyrohyoid)
- Sternoclavicularis anticus muscle
- Styloauricularis muscle
Vascular variations
- Persistent primitive olfactory artery
- Artery of Percheron
- Stapedial artery
- Thyroid ima artery
- Fourth thyroid vein (of Kocher)
- Hypoglossal artery
- Persistent left superior vena cava
Nervous variations
- Trigeminal nerve duplication
- Aberrant facial nerve course
- Accessory hypoglossal nerve
Other variations
- Preauricular sinus
- Supernumerary nipple
- Darwin's tubercle
- Anisocoria
- Diagonal ear lobe crease
- Empty sella turcica
- Epicanthic fold
- Crease of the upper eyelid (Single or Double eyelid)
- Zuckerkandl's tubercle
- Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland
Vertebral column and ribs
Skeletal variations
- Atlanto-occipital fusion
- Butterfly vertebrae
- Cervical ribs
- Lumbosacral assimilation
- Sacralization of L5
- Coccygeal ribs
- Block vertebrae
- Sagittal cleft vertebrae
- Lumbarization of S1
- Split cord malformation
- Sternal cleft
- Spondylolisthesis
- Oppenheimer’s ossicle
- Spondylolysis
- Sprengel’s deformity
Thorax
Skeletal variations
- Sternal foramen
- Episternal ossicles
- Manubriosternal fusion
- Sternoxiphoidal fusion
- Bifid rib
Muscular variations
- Sternalis muscle (rectus thoracis)
- Costocoracoideus muscle
Other variations
- Azygos lobe of the lung
- Tracheal bronchus
- Cardiac bronchus
- Supernumerary lung fissures
- Horseshoe lung
Upper limb
Skeletal variations
- Bifurcated clavicle
- Coracoclavicular joint
- Os acromiale
- Capitohamate coalition
- Carpal boss
- Bipartite capitate
- Supracondylar process of the humerus
- Scapular foramina and tunnels
Muscular variations
- Accessory subscapularis muscle
- Gantzer's muscle
- Chondroepitrochlearis muscle
- Coracocapsularis muscle
- Costodeltoideus muscle
- Axillary arch muscle
- Epitrochleoanconeus (anconeous epitrochlearis) muscle
- Extensor medii proprius muscle
- Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle
- Extensor indicis et medii communis muscle
- Extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle
- Extensor carpi radialis tertius (extensor carpi radialis accessorius) muscle
- Linburg-Comstock variation (conjoint flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus of the index)
- Palmaris profundus muscle
- Flexor carpi radialis profundus muscle
- Ulnaris quinti muscle
- Pisiuncinatus muscle (pisohamatus)
- Tensor semivaginae articulations humeroscapularis muscle
- Sternohumeralis muscle
- Sternochondrocoracoideus muscle
- Subscapularis minor muscle
Vascular variations
- Median artery
- Superficial ulnar artery
- Variation of the basilic vein
Nervous variations
- Bifid median nerve
- Nerve of McKenzie
- Martin-Gruber anastomosis
- Riché-Cannieu anastomosis
- Berrettini anastomosis
- Froment-Rauber nerve
Other variations
- Accessory nail of the fifth toe
- Osborne's ligament
Lower limb
Skeletal variations
- Femoral anteversion/retroversion
- Os tibiale externum
- Fabella (popliteal sesamoid)
- Calcaneonavicular coalition
- Accessory navicula
- Talocalcaneal coalition
- Cyamella (popliteal fabella)
- Sesamoid bone of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger
- Talus accessorius
Muscular variations
- Accessory soleus muscle
- Accessory popliteus muscle
- Adductor minimus muscle
- Tensor fasciae suralis muscle
- Gluteoperinealis muscle
- Gluteus quartus muscle
- Popliteus biceps muscle
- Fibularis (peroneus) quartus muscle
- Peroneocalcaneus internus muscle
Vascular variations
- Marginal artery of the colon
- Corona mortis
Abdomen
Muscular variations
- Interfoveolar muscle
- Saphenous muscle
- Pubotransversalis muscle
Vascular variations
- Arc of Bühler
- Third mesenteric artery
- Marginal artery of the colon
Other variations
- Accessory spleen
- Annular pancreas
- Bifid pancreas tail
- Double common bile duct
- Agenesis of vermiform appendix
- Colon duplication
- Accessory pancreatic duct
- Pancreas divisum
- Gastropancreatic ligament
Pelvis
Vascular variations
- Uterine artery anastomoses variations
Other variations
- Persistent cloaca
- Bladder exstrophy
- Renal artery anomalies
- Splenogonadal fusion
- Supernumerary ovaries
- Horseshoe kidney (Ren arcuatus)
- Hirsuties coronae glandis
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