List of Archaea genera

This article lists the genera of the Archaea. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[2] However, in the List provided below, GTDB has precedence unless otherwise noted.

Phylogeny

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy was initially used to decorate the genome tree via tax2tree. The 16S rRNA-based Greengenes taxonomy is used to supplement the taxonomy particularly in regions of the tree with no cultured representatives. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Taxonomic ranks are normalised using phylorank and the taxonomy manually curated to remove polyphyletic groups.[3][4][5][6][7]

Cladogram was taken from the GTDB release 09-RS220 (24th April 2024).[8][9][10] The position of clades with a "question mark" are based on the additional phylogeny of the 16S rRNA-based LTP_12_2021 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.[11][12][13]

Archaea

"Undinarchaeota"

"Altarchaeota"

Methanobacteriota_A

"Hadarchaeota"

Methanobacteriota_B

"Methanomada"

"Hydrothermarchaeota"

"Methanobacteriota"

"Neoeuryarchaeota"

"Thermoplasmatota"

"Halobacteriota"

"Proteoarchaeota"
Promethearchaeati

Promethearchaeota

Thermoproteati

Thermoproteota

Archaea incertae sedis

  • Family "Afararchaeaceae" Baker et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Afararchaeum" Baker et al. 2024
  • Family "Asbonarchaeaceae" Baker et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Asbonarchaeum" Baker et al. 2024
  • Family "Chewarchaeaceae" Baker et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Chewarchaeum" Baker et al. 2024

Phylum "Microcaldota"

Class "Microcaldia"

Order "Microcaldales"

  • Family "Microcaldaceae" Sakai et al. 2022
    •  ?"Microcaldus" Sakai et al. 2022

Phylum "Undinarchaeota"

Class "Undinarchaeia"

Order "Undinarchaeales"

  • Family "Naiadarchaeaceae" Dombrowski et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Naiadarchaeum" Dombrowski et al. 2020
  • Family "Undinarchaeaceae" Dombrowski et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Undinarchaeum" Dombrowski et al. 2020

Phylum "Altarchaeota"

Class "Altarchaeia"

Order "Altarchaeales"

  • Family "Altarchaeaceae" corrig. Probst et al. 2014
    • "Candidatus Altarchaeum" corrig. Probst et al. 2014

Phylum "Iainarchaeota"

Class "Iainarchaeia"

Order "Forterreales"

  • Family "Forterreaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
    • "Candidatus Forterrea" Probst & Banfield 2017

Order "Iainarchaeales"

  • Family "Iainarchaeaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Iainarchaeum" Rinke et al. 2013

Phylum "Micrarchaeota"

Phylogeny of Micrarchaeota[8][9][10]
"Norongarragalinales"

"Ca. Norongarragalina"

"Micrarchaeales"
"Micrarchaeaceae"

"Ca. Mancarchaeum"

"Ca. Micrarchaeum"

"Anstonellales"
"Anstonellaceae"

"Ca. Anstonella"

"Bilamarchaeaceae"

"Ca. Bilamarchaeum"

"Gugararchaeales"

"Ca. Gugararchaeum"

"Burarchaeales"

"Ca. Burarchaeum"

"Fermentimicrarchaeales"

"Ca. Fermentimicrarchaeum"

Class "Micrarchaeia"

Order "Norongarragalinales"

  • Family "Norongarragalinaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Norongarragalina" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021

Order "Micrarchaeales"

  • Family "Micrarchaeaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Mancarchaeum" Golyshina et al. 2017
    • "Candidatus Micrarchaeum" Baker et al. 2010

Order "Anstonellales"

  • Family "Anstonellaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Anstonella" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
  • Family "Bilamarchaeaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Bilamarchaeum" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021

Order "Fermentimicrarchaeales"

  • Family "Fermentimicrarchaeaceae" Kadnikov et al. 2020 (Sv326)
    • "Candidatus Fermentimicrarchaeum" Kadnikov et al. 2020

Order "Burarchaeales"

  • Family "Burarchaeaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Burarchaeum" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021

Order "Gugararchaeales"

  • Family "Gugararchaeaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Gugararchaeum" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021

Phylum "Huberarchaeaota"

Class "Huberarchaeia"

Order "Huberarchaeales"

  • Family "Huberarchaeaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Huberarchaeum" corrig. Schwank et al. 2019

Phylum "Aenigmatarchaeota"

Class "Aenigmatarchaeia"

Order "Aenigmatarchaeales"

  • Family "Aenigmatarchaeaceae" corrig. Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Aenigmatarchaeum" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013

Phylum "Nanohalarchaeota"

Phylogeny of Nanohalobiales[8][9][10]
"Nanoanaerosalinaceae"

"Candidatus Nanoanaerosalina"

"Nanohalalkaliarchaeaceae"

"Candidatus Nanohalalkaliarchaeum"

"Nanohalobiaceae"

"Candidatus Nanosalinicola"

"Candidatus Nanosalina"

"Candidatus Nanohalobium"

Class "Nanohalarchaeia"

Order "Nanohydrothermales"

  • Family "Nanohydrothermaceae" Xie et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanohydrothermus" Xie et al. 2022

Order "Nucleotidisoterales"

  • Family "Nanosalenecaceae" Xie et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanosalenecus" Xie et al. 2022
  • Family "Nucleotidisoteraceae" Xie et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Nucleotidisoter" Xie et al. 2022
  • Family "Nucleotidivindicaceae" Xie et al. 2022
    •  ?"Nucleotidivindex" Xie et al. 2022

Order "Nanohalarchaeales"

  • Family "Nanohalarchaeaceae"
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanohalarchaeum" corrig. Hamm et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanohalococcus occultus" Reva et al. 2023
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanohalovita haloferacivicina" Reva et al. 2023
    •  ?"Candidatus Nanopetraeus" corrig. Crits‐Christoph et al. 2016

Class "Nanohalobiia"

Order "Nanohalobiales"

  • Family "Nanoanaerosalinaceae" Zhao et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Nanoanaerosalina" Zhao et al. 2022
  • Family "Nanohalalkaliarchaeaceae" La Cono et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Nanohalalkaliarchaeum" Ghai et al. 2011
  • Family "Nanohalobiaceae" La Cono et al. 2020
    •  ?"Candidatus Haloredivivus" Ghai et al. 2011
    • "Candidatus Nanohalobium" La Cono et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Nanosalina" Narasingarao et al. 2012
    • "Candidatus Nanosalinicola" corrig. Narasingarao et al. 2012

Phylum Nanobdellota

Phylogeny of Nanobdellota[8][9][10]
Nanobdellia

"Pacearchaeales"

"Woesearchaeales"

Nanobdellales
"Nanoarchaeaceae"

"Nanoarchaeum"

Nanobdellaceae

"Ca. Nanoclepta"

Nanobdella

"Ca. Nanopusillus"

"Tiddalikarchaeales"

"Ca. Tiddalikarchaeum"

"Jingweiarchaeales"

"Ca. Jingweiarchaeum"

"JAPDLS01"

"Ca. Haiyanarchaeum"

"Parvarchaeales"

"Ca. Rehaiarchaeum"

"Ca. Acidifodinimicrobium"

"Ca. Parvarchaeum"

"Parvarchaeaceae"

Class Nanobdellia

Nanobdellia incertae sedis

  • "Mamarchaeales"
  • "Pacearchaeales" (DHVE-5, DUSEL-1)
  • "Wiannamattarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2019 (LFWA-II, Eury4AB)
  • "Woesearchaeales" (DHVE-6)

Order JAPDLS01

  • Family "Haiyanarchaeaceae" Rao et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Haiyanarchaeum" Rao et al. 2023

Order "Jingweiarchaeales"

  • Family "Jingweiarchaeaceae" Rao et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Jingweiarchaeum" Rao et al. 2023

Order Nanobdellales

  • Family "Nanoarchaeaceae" Huber et al. 2011
  • Family Nanobdellaceae Kato et al. 2022 ["Nanopusillaceae" Huber et al. 2011]
    • Nanobdella Kato et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Nanoclepta" St. John et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Nanopusillus" Wurch et al. 2016 ["Candidatus Nanobsidianus" Castelle et al. 2015]

Order "Tiddalikarchaeales"

  • Family "Tiddalikarchaeaceae" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Tiddalikarchaeum" Vázquez-Campos et al. 2021

Order "Parvarchaeales"

  • Family "Parvarchaeaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Acidifodinimicrobium" Luo et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Parvarchaeum" Baker et al. 2010 (ARMAN 4 & 5)
    • "Candidatus Rehaiarchaeum" Rao et al. 2023

Phylum Promethearchaeota

Phylogeny of Promethearchaeota[8][9][10]
"Thorarchaeia"

"Thorarchaeales"

"Njordarchaeia"

"Njordarchaeales"

"Sifarchaeia"

"Borrarchaeales"

"Sifarchaeales"

"Wukongarchaeia"

"Wukongarchaeales"

"Heimdallarchaeia"

"Hodarchaeales"

"Gerdarchaeales" (JABLTI01)

"Heimdallarchaeales"

"Odinarchaeia"

"Odinarchaeales"

"Jordarchaeia"

"Jordarchaeales"

"Baldrarchaeia"

"Baldrarchaeales"

"Hermodarchaeia"

"Hermodarchaeales"

Promethearchaeia

"Helarchaeales"

Promethearchaeales

Promethearchaeota incertae sedis

  • Class "Asgardarchaeia"
    • Order "Asgardarchaeales"
      • Family "Asgardarchaeaceae" Eme et al. 2023 ex Tamarit et al. 2024
        •  ?"Candidatus Asgardarchaeum" Eme et al. 2023 ex Tamarit et al. 2024
  • Class "Balderarchaeia"
    • Order "Balderarchaeales"
      • Family "Balderarchaeaceae" (sic) Xie et al. 2022
        •  ?"Candidatus Balderarchaeum" (sic) Xie et al. 2022
  • Class "Tyrarchaeia"
    • Order "Tyrarchaeales"
      • Family "Tyrarchaeaceae" Xie et al. 2022
        •  ?"Candidatus Tyrarchaeum" Xie et al. 2022
  • Class "Friggarchaeia"
  • Class "Gefionarchaeia"
  • Class "Idunnarchaeia"

Class "Thorarchaeia"

Order "Thorarchaeales"

  • Family "Thorarchaeaceae" (MBG-B)

Class "Njordarchaeia"

Order "Njordarchaeales"

  • Family "Njordarchaeaceae" Xie et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Njordarchaeum" Xie et al. 2022[14][15]

Class "Sifarchaeia"

Order "Borrarchaeales"

  • Family "Borrarchaeaceae" Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Borrarchaeum" Liu et al. 2021

Order "Sifarchaeales"

  • Family "Sifarchaeaceae" Sun et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Sifarchaeum" corrig. Farag, Zhao & Biddle 2020

Class "Wukongarchaeia"

Order "Wukongarchaeales"

  • Family "Wukongarchaeaceae" Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Wukongarchaeum" Liu et al. 2021

Class "Heimdallarchaeia"

Order "Hodarchaeales"

  • Family "Hodarchaeaceae" Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Hodarchaeum" Liu et al. 2021

Order "Gerdarchaeales"

Order "Heimdallarchaeales"

  • Family "Kariarchaeaceae" Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Kariarchaeum" Liu et al. 2021
  • Family "Heimdallarchaeaceae" ?Wu et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeum" Wu et al. 2022[16]

Class "Odinarchaeia"

Order "Odinarchaeales"

  • Family "Odinarchaeaceae" Tamarit et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Odinarchaeum" Tamarit et al. 2022

Class "Jordarchaeia"

Order "Jordarchaeales"

  • Family "Freyrarchaeaceae" Xie et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Freyrarchaeum" Xie et al. 2022[14][17]
  • Family "Jordarchaeaceae" Sun et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Jordarchaeum" Sun et al. 2021

Class "Baldrarchaeia"

Order "Baldrarchaeales"

  • Family "Baldrarchaeaceae" corrig. Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Baldrarchaeum" corrig. Liu et al. 2021

Class "Hermodarchaeia"

Order "Hermodarchaeales"

  • Family "Hermodarchaeaceae" corrig. Liu et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Hermodarchaeum" corrig. Liu et al. 2021

Class Promethearchaeia

Order "Helarchaeales"

Order Promethearchaeales

In GTDB as order CR-4

Phylogeny of Promethearchaeales[8][9][10]
"Sigynarchaeaceae"

"Candidatus Sigynarchaeum"

Promethearchaeaceae

Promethearchaeum

"Candidatus Harpocratesius"

"Candidatus Lokiarchaeum"

  • Family "Sigynarchaeaceae" Xie et al. 2022[14][18]
    • "Candidatus Sigynarchaeum" Xie et al. 2022
  • Family Promethearchaeaceae Imachi et al. 2024 ["Lokiarchaeaceae" Vanwonterghem et al. 2016]
    • "Candidatus Harpocratesius" Wu et al. 2022[16]
    • "Candidatus Lokiarchaeum" corrig. Spang et al. 2015 (MBGB, DSAG)
    • Promethearchaeum Imachi et al. 2024

Phylum Thermoproteota

Phylogeny of Thermoproteota[8][9][10]
JANJXX01

"Panguiarchaeales"

"Korarchaeia"

"Korarchaeales"

"BAT"
"Bathyarchaeia"

"Hecatellales"

"Bathyarchaeales"

Nitrososphaeria_A

"Caldarchaeales"

Nitrososphaeria

"Geothermarchaeales"

Conexivisphaerales

Nitrososphaerales

"Sulfobacteria"
"Methanomethylicia"

"Nezhaarchaeales"

"Culexarchaeles"

"Methanomethylicales"

"Thermoproteia"

"Gearchaeales"

"Thermofilales"

Thermoproteales

"Sulfolobia"

"Marsarchaeales"

Sulfolobales

Thermoproteota Incertae sedis

  • "Brockarchaeia"

Class JANJXX01

Order "Panguiarchaeales"

  • Family "Panguiarchaeaceae" Qu et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Panguiarchaeum" Qu et al. 2023

Class "Korarchaeia"

Order "Korarchaeales"

  • Family "Korarchaeaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Korarchaeum" Elkins et al. 2008
    • "Candidatus Methanodesulfokora" McKay et al. 2019

Class "Bathyarchaeia"

Order "Hecatellales"

  • Family "Hecatellaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Hecatella" Adam et al. 2022

Order "Bathyarchaeales"

  • Family "Bathyarchaeaceae" Khomyakova et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Bathyarchaeum" Khomyakova et al. 2023
  • Family "Bathycorpusculaceae" Loh & Brune 2023 [UBA233]
    • "Candidatus Bathycorpusculum" Loh & Brune 2023

Class Nitrososphaeria_A

Order "Caldarchaeales"

Phylogeny of Nitrososphaeria_A[8][9][10]
"Caldarchaeales"
"Calditenuaceae"

"Ca. Calditenuis"

"Caldarchaeaceae"

"Ca. Caldarchaeum"

"Ca. Pelearchaeum"

"Wolframiiraptoraceae"

"Ca. Terraquivivens"

"Ca. Geocrenenecus"

"Ca. Benthortus"

"Ca. Wolframiiraptor"

  • Family "Calditenuaceae" Balbay et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Calditenuis" Beam et al. 2016
  • Family "Caldarchaeaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Caldarchaeum" corrig. Nunoura et al. 2011
    • "Candidatus Pelearchaeum" Balbay et al. 2023
  • Family "Wolframiiraptoraceae" Buessecker et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Benthortus" Buessecker et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Geocrenenecus" Buessecker et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Terraquivivens" Buessecker et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Wolframiiraptor" Buessecker et al. 2022

Class Nitrososphaeria

Nitrososphaeria Incertae sedis

  • "Cenoporarchaeum" corrig. Zhang et al. 2019
  • "Candidatus Gigantothauma" corrig. Muller et al. 2010
  • "Candidatus Nitrosodeserticola" Hwang et al. 2021

Order "Geothermarchaeales"

  • Family "Geothermarchaeaceae" Adam et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Geothermarchaeum" Adam et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Scotarchaeum" Adam et al. 2022

Order "Conexivisphaerales"

  • Family "Conexivisphaeraceae" Kato et al. 2021 (THSC Group)
    • Conexivisphaera Kato et al. 2021

Order Nitrososphaerales

Phylogeny of Nitrososphaerales[8][9][10]
"Nitrosocaldaceae"

"Ca. Nitrosothermus"

"Ca. Nitrosocaldus"

Nitrososphaeraceae

"Ca. Nitrosocosmicus"

"Ca. Nitrosopolaris"

Nitrososphaera

Nitrosopumilaceae

"Ca. Nitrosotalea"

"Ca. Nitrosotenuis"

"Ca. Nitrosopelagicus"

"Cenarchaeum"

Nitrosarchaeum

Nitrosopumilus

  • Family "Methylarchaceae" Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methylarchaeum" Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanotowutia" Ou et al. 2022
  • Family "Nitrosocaldaceae" Qin et al. 2016
    • "Candidatus Nitrosocaldus" de la Torre et al. 2008
    • "Candidatus Nitrosothermus" Luo et al. 2021
  • Family Nitrososphaeraceae Stieglmeier et al. 2014
    • "Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus" corrig. Lehtovirta-Morley et al. 2016
    • "Candidatus Nitrosopolaris" Pessi, Rutanen & Hultman 2022
    • Nitrososphaera Stieglmeier et al. 2014
  • Family Nitrosopumilaceae Qin et al. 2017
    • "Cenarchaeum" DeLong & Preston 1996
    • Nitrosarchaeum corrig. Jung et al. 2018
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Nitrosoabyssus" Garritano et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Nitrosokoinonia" Glasl et al. 2023
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Nitrosomaritimum" Zhao et al. 2024
    • "Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus" Santoro et al. 2015
    • Nitrosopumilus Qin et al. 2017 ["Candidatus Nitrosomarinus" Ahlgren et al. 2017]
    •  ?"Candidatus Nitrosospongia" Moeller et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Nitrosotalea" Lehtovirta 2011
    • "Candidatus Nitrosotenuis" Lebedeva et al. 2013

Class "Methanomethylicia"

Methanomethylicia incertae sedis

  • Order "Methanohydrogenicales"
    • Family "Methanohydrogenicaceae" Berghuis et al. 2019
      •  ?"Candidatus Methanohydrogenicus" Berghuis et al. 2019
  • Order "Methanomethylarchaeales"
    • Family "Methanomethylarchaeceae" corrig. Hua et al. 2019
      •  ?"Candidatus Methanomethylarchaeum" corrig. Hua et al. 2019
  • Order "Methanomethylovorales"
    • Family "Methanomethylovoraceae" Hua et al. 2019
      •  ?"Candidatus Methanomethylovorus" Hua et al. 2019

Order "Nezhaarchaeales"

  • Family "Methanohydrogenotrophicaceae" Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanogearchaeum" corrig. Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanohydrogenotrophicum" Hua et al. 2019

Order "Culexarchaeles"

  • Family "Culexarchaeaceae" Kohtz et al. 2022 ["Methanomediaceae" Berghuis et al. 2019]
    • "Candidatus Culexarchaeum" Kohtz et al. 2022 ["Candidatus Methanomedium" Berghuis et al. 2019]
  • Family "Culexmicrobiaceae" Kohtz et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Culexmicrobium" Kohtz et al. 2022

Order "Methanomethylicales"

  • Family "Candidatus Methanomethylicaceae" corrig. Vanwonterghem et al. 2016
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanoluiimicrobium" Wu et al. 2024
    • "Candidatus Methanomethylicus" Vanwonterghem et al. 2016
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanostamsia" Wu et al. 2024
    • "Candidatus Methanosuratinicola" corrig. Vanwonterghem et al. 2016

Class Thermoproteia

Order "Gearchaeales"

  • Family "Gearchaeaceae" corrig.
    •  ?Geoarchaeum (sic) Hunt et al. 2016

Order Thermofilales

Order Thermoproteales

Phylogeny of Thermoproteales[8][9][10]
Thermoproteaceae
"Thermocladiaceae"

Class "Sulfolobia"

Order "Marsarchaeales"

  • Family "Marsarchaeaceae"

Order Sulfolobales

Phylogeny of Sulfolobales[8][9][10]
  • Family Desulfurococcaceae Zillig & Stetter 1983
  • Family Fervidicoccaceae Perevalova et al. 2010
  • Family Pyrodictiaceae Burggraf, Huber & Stetter 1997
  • Family "Ignicoccaceae" Rinke et al. 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
  • Family Acidilobaceae Prokofeva et al. 2009
    • Aeropyrum Sako et al. 1996
    • Acidilobus Prokofeva et al. 2000
    • Caldisphaera Itoh et al. 2003
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Calypsonella" St John and Reysenbach 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Hestiella" St-John and Reysenbach 2024
    •  ?Stetteria Jochimsen, Peinemann-Simon & Thomm 1998
    •  ?Thermodiscus Stetter 2003
    •  ?"Candidatus Candidatus Tiamatella" St John and Reysenbach 2024
  • Family "Ignisphaeraceae" Rinke et al. 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
  • Family "Zestosphaeraceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
    • Zestosphaera St. John et al. 2021
  • Family Sulfolobaceae Stetter 1989
    • Acidianus Segerer et al. 1986 ["Sulfosphaerellus" Zhong et al. 1982; Desulfurolobus Zillig & Böck 1987]
    • "Candidatus Aramenus" Servín-Garcidueñas & Martínez-Romero 2014
    • Metallosphaera Huber et al. 1989
    • Saccharolobus Sakai & Kurosawa 2018
    • Stygiolobus Segerer et al. 1991
    • Sulfodiicoccus Sakai & Kurosawa 2017
    • Sulfolobus Brock et al. 1972
    • Sulfuracidifex Itoh et al. 2020
    • Sulfurisphaera Kurosawa et al. 1998
    •  ?Sulfurococcus Golovacheva, Vale’kho & Troitskii 1995

Phylum Methanobacteriota_A

Phylogeny of Methanobacteriota_A[8][9][10]
Methanococci
Methanococcales

Class "Methanococcia"

Order Methanococcales

Phylum "Hadarchaeota"

Class "Persephonarchaeia"

Class "Hadarchaeia"

Order "Hadarchaeales"

  • Family "Cerberiarchaeaceae" Benito Merino et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Cerberiarchaeum" Benito Merino et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Melinoarchaeum" Yu et al. 2024
  • Family "Hadarchaeaceae" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Hadarchaeum" Chuvochina et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Hadesarchaeum" Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanourarchaeum" Hua et al. 2019

Phylum Methanobacteriota_B

Phylogeny of Methanobacteriota_B[8][9][10]
Thermococci
"Methanofastidiales"

"Ca. Methanofastidiosum"

"Methanofastidiosaceae"
Thermococcales
Thermococcaceae

Class "Theionarchaeia"

Class Thermococci

Order "Methanofastidiosales"

  • Family "Methanofastidiosaceae" Rinke et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Methanofastidiosum" corrig. Nobu et al. 2016

Order Thermococcales

Phylum "Hydrothermarchaeota"

Class "Hydrothermarchaeia"

Order "Hydrothermarchaeales"

  • Family BMS3B
    • "Candidatus Pyrohabitans" Adam et al. 2022
  • Family "Hydrothermarchaeaceae" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
    • "Candidatus Hydrothermarchaeum" Chuvochina et al. 2019

Phylum "Methanobacteriota"

Phylogeny of Methanobacteriota[8][9][10]
Methanobacteria
Methanothermobacteraceae_A

Methanothermobacter species-group 2

"Methanothermobacteraceae"

Methanothermobacter

Methanobacteriaceae

"Methanacia"

"Methanoflexus"

"Methanovirga"

"Methanobinarius"

Methanobrevibacter

"Methanarmilla"

"Methanocatella"

Methanobacterium species-group 3

Methanobacterium species-group 2

Methanobacteriales

Class Methanopyri

Order Methanopyrales

Class Methanobacteria

Order Methanobacteriales

  • Family "Tepidaquicellaceae" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2020
    •  ?"Candidatus Tepidaquicella" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2020
  • Family Methanothermaceae Stetter et al. 1982
  • Family "Methanothermobacteraceae" Rinke et al. 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
  • Family Methanobacteriaceae Barker 1956
    • "Methanacia" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • "Methanarmilla" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • Methanobacterium Kluyver & van Niel 1936
    • "Methanobinarius" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • Methanobrevibacter Balch & Wolfe 1981
    • "Methanocatella" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • "Methanoflexus" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • Methanosphaera Miller & Wolin 1985
    • "Methanovirga" Protasov & Brune 2023

Phylum Thermoplasmatota

Phylogeny of Thermoplasmatota[8][9][10]
"Izemarchaea"

"Thermoprofundales"

"Poseidoniia"

MGIII

"Poseidoniales"

"Thermoplasmatia"

"Proteinoplasmatales" (SG8-5)

"Yaplasmatales" (RBG-16-68-12)

"Gimiplasmatales" (UBA10834)

"Sysuiplasmatales"

Methanomassiliicoccales

"Halarchaeoplasmatales" (PWKY01)

"Aciduliprofundales"

"Thermoplasmatales"

Thermoplasmatota incertae sedis

Class "Izemarchaea"

Order "Thermoprofundales"

  • (MBG-D, E2)

Class "Poseidoniia"

Order MGIII

Order "Poseidoniales"

  • Family "Poseidoniaceae" corrig. Rinke et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Poseidonia" Rinke et al. 2019
  • Family "Thalassarchaeaceae" corrig. Rinke et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Thalassarchaeum" corrig. Martin-Cuadrado et al. 2015

Class Thermoplasmata

Order "Lunaplasmatales"

  • Family "Lunaplasmataceae" Zinke et al. 2021
    •  ?"Candidatus Lunaplasma" Zinke et al. 2021

Order "Proteinoplasmatales"

  • (SG8-5)

Order "Yaplasmatales"

  • (RBG-16-68-12)

Order "Gimiplasmatales"

  • Family "Gimiplasmataceae" Hu et al. 2020
    • "Candidatus Gimiplasma" Hu et al. 2020 (UA10834)

Order "Sysuiplasmatales"

  • Family "Sysuiplasmataceae" Yuan et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Sysuiplasma" Yuan et al. 2021

Order Methanomassiliicoccales

Phylogeny of Methanomassiliicoccales[8][9][10]
Methanomassiliicoccaceae

Methanomassiliicoccus

Methanomethylophilaceae

"Candidatus Methanomicula"

"Methanarcanum"

"Methanoprimaticola"

Methanomethylophilus

"Methanogranum"

"Methanoplasma"

  • Family "Methanomixtatrophicaceae" Hua et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanomixtatrophicum" Hua et al. 2019
  • Family Methanomassiliicoccaceae Iino et al. 2013
  • Family Methanomethylophilaceae Gaci et al. 2014 ex Borrel et al. 2024
    • "Methanarcanum" Chibani et al. 2023
    • "Methanogranum" Iino et al. 2023
    • Methanomethylophilus corrig. Borrel et al. 2024
    • "Candidatus Methanomicula" Protasov & Brune 2023
    • "Methanoplasma" Lang & Brune 2023
    • "Methanoprimaticola" Chibani et al. 2023
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanospyradousia" Gilroy et al. 2021

Order "Halarchaeoplasmatales"

Phylogeny of Halarchaeoplasmatales[8][9][10]

"Candidatus Haladaptiplasma"

"Candidatus Natronoplasma"

"Candidatus Saliniplasma"

  • Family "Halarchaeoplasmataceae" Zhou et al. 2023 (PWKY01)
    • "Candidatus Haladaptiplasma" corrig. Zhou et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Halarchaeoplasma" Zhou et al. 2023 ["Candidatus Haloplasma" Zhou et al. 2022 non Antunes et al. 2008]
    • "Candidatus Natronoplasma" Zhou et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Saliniplasma" Zhou et al. 2022

Order "Aciduliprofundales"

  • Family "Aciduliprofundaceae" Rinke et al. 2020

Order Thermoplasmatales

Phylogeny of Thermoplasmatales[8][9][10]
  • Family Thermoplasmataceae Reysenbach 2002
    • Acidiplasma Golyshina et al. 2009
    •  ?"Candidatus Carboxiplasma" Bulaev et al. 2023
    • Cuniculiplasma corrig. Golyshina et al. 2016
    • Ferroplasma Golyshina et al. 2000
    •  ?Oxyplasma Golyshina et al. 2024
    • Picrophilus Schleper et al. 1996
    •  ?"Candidatus Scheffleriplasma" Krause et al. 2022
    • Thermogymnomonas Itoh, Yoshikawa & Takashina 2007
    • Thermoplasma Darland et al. 1970

Phylum Halobacteriota

Phylogeny of Halobacteriota[8][9][10]
"Methanoliparia"

"Methanoliparales"

"Archaeoglobia"

"Mnemosynellales"

Archaeoglobales

"Syntropharchaeia"

"Syntropharchaeales"

"Alkanophagales"

Methanocellia

Methanocellales

Methanosarcinia

Methanosarcinales_A

"Methanotrichales"

Methanosarcinales

Methanonatronarchaeia

Methanonatronarchaeales

Halobacteria

Halorutilales

Halobacteriales

Halobacteriota incertae sedis

  • "Candidatus Methanoinsularis" Ou et al. 2022
  • "Candidatus Methanoporticola" Ou et al. 2022

Order "Methanoflorentales"

  • Family "Methanoflorentaceae" Mondav et al. 2014
    • "Candidatus Methanoflorens" Mondav et al. 2014

Class Methanomicrobia

Order Methanomicrobiales

Phylogeny of Methanomicrobiales[8][9][10]

Class "Methanoliparia"

Order "Methanoliparales"

  • Family "Methanoliparaceae" Borrel et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Methanoliparum" Borrel et al. 2019
    • "Candidatus Methanolliviera" Borrel et al. 2019

Class "Archaeoglobia"

Phylogeny of "Archaeoglobia"[8][9][10]
"Mnemosynellales"
"Mnemosynellaceae"

"Candidatus Mnemosynella"

Archaeoglobales

Order "Mnemosynellales"

  • Family "Mnemosynellaceae" Adam et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Mnemosynella" Adam et al. 2022

Order Archaeoglobales

  • Family "Allopolytropaceae" corrig. Boyd et al. 2019
    •  ?"Candidatus Allopolytropus" corrig. Boyd et al. 2019 ["Candidatus Polytropus" Boyd et al. 2019 non Kirsch 1866]
  • Family Archaeoglobaceae Huber & Stetter 2002
    • Archaeoglobus Stetter 1988
    • Ferroglobus Hafenbradl et al. 1997
    • Geoglobus Kashefi et al. 2002
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanoglobus" Buessecker et al. 2023
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanomixotrophus" corrig. Liu et al. 2021
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanoproducendum" Hua et al. 2019

Class "Syntropharchaeia"

Phylogeny of "Syntropharchaeia"[8][9][10]
"Syntropharchaeales"
"Syntropharchaeaceae"

"Candidatus Syntropharchaeum"

"Alkanophagales"
"Alkanophagaceae"

"Candidatus Alkanophaga"

"Methanospiraraceae"

"Candidatus Methanoxibalbensis"

"Candidatus Methanospirare"

Order "Syntropharchaeales"

  • Family "Syntropharchaeaceae" corrig. (ANME-2 cluster)
    • "Candidatus Syntropharchaeum" corrig. Laso-Perez et al. 2016

Order "Alkanophagales"

  • Family "Methanophagaceae" Chadwick et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanoalium" Chadwick et al. 2022
    •  ?"Candidatus Methanophaga" Chadwick et al. 2022
  • Family ?"Veteromethanophagaceae" Vulcano et al. 2022
  • Family "Alkanophagaceae" [B39-G2]
    • "Candidatus Alkanophaga" Zehnle et al. 2023
  • Family "Methanospiraraceae" Laso-Pérez et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Methanoxibalbensis" Laso-Pérez et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Methanospirare" Laso-Pérez et al. 2022

Class Methanocellia

Order Methanocellales

  • Family Methanocellaceae Sakai et al. 2008
    • Methanocella Sakai et al. 2008
    •  ?Methanooceanicella Zhang et al. 2024

Class Methanosarcinia

Order Methanosarcinales_A

  • Family Methermicoccaceae Cheng et al. 2007
    • Methermicoccus Cheng et al. 2007

Order Methanotrichales

  • Family Methanotrichaceae Akinyemi et al. 2021
    • "Candidatus Methanocrinis" Khomyakova et al. 2023
    • Methanothrix Huser, Wuhrmann & Zehnder 1983 [Methanosaeta Patel & Sprott 1990]

Order Methanosarcinales

Phylogeny of Methanosarcinales[8][9][10]
"Methanocomedentaceae"

"Ca. Methanocomedens"

"Ca. Methanomarinus"

"Ethanoperedentaceae"

"Ca. Ethaniperedens"

"Methanoperedentaceae"

"Ca. Methanoperedens"

  • Family "Methanocomedentaceae" corrig. Chadwick et al. 2022
    • "Candidatus Methanocomedens" Chadwick et al. 2022 (ANME-2a)
    • "Candidatus Methanomarinus" Chadwick et al. 2022 (ANME-2b)
  • Family "Ethanoperedentaceae" (sic) Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 (EX4572-44)
    • "Candidatus Ethaniperedens" corrig. Hahn et al. 2020
  • Family "Methanoperedentaceae" corrig. Haroon et al. 2013
    • "Candidatus Methanoperedens" Haroon et al. 2013 (ANME-2d, AAA)
  • Family "Methanogastraceae" corrig. Chadwick et al. 2022 (ANME-2c)
    • "Candidatus Methanogaster" Chadwick et al. 2022
  • Family Methanosarcinaceae Balch & Wolfe 1981

Class "Methanonatronarchaeia"

Order "Methanonatronarchaeales"

  • Family Methanonatronarchaeaceae Sorokin et al. 2018
    • "Candidatus Methanohalarchaeum" Sorokin et al. 2018
    • Methanonatronarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2018

Class "Hikarchaeia"

Order "Hikarchaeales"

  • Family "Hikarchaeaceae" Martijn et al. 2020 (MG-IV)
    •  ?"Candidatus Hikarchaeum" Martijn et al. 2020

Class "Ordosarchaeia"

Order "Ordosarchaeales"

  • Family "Ordosarchaeaceae" Zhao et al. 2024
    •  ?"Candidatus Ordosarchaeum" Zhao et al. 2024

Class Halobacteria

Order Halorutilales

  • Family Halorutilaceae Durán-Viseras et al. 2023
    • Halorutilus Durán-Viseras et al. 2023
Phylogeny of Halobacteriales[8][9][10]
"Salinarchaeaceae"

Salinarchaeum

"Halostellaceae"

Halostella

Natronoarchaeaceae

Natronoarchaeum

Natrialbaceae cont'd

"Halalkalicoccaceae"

Halalkalicoccus

Haladaptataceae

Order Halobacteriales

  • Halobacteriales incertae sedis
  • Family "Salinarchaeaceae"
    • Salinarchaeum Cui et al. 2014
  • Family "Halostellaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
  • Family Natronoarchaeaceae Sorokin et al. 2023
    •  ?"Natranaeroarchaeum" Sorokin et al. 2021
    • Natronoarchaeum Shimane et al. 2010
Phylogeny of Natrialbaceae[8][9][10]

Halorubellus

Haloarchaeobius

Halovivax

"Natronobeatus"

Natribaculum

"Salinilacihabitans"

"Natrononativus"

Natronobiforma

Saliphagus

Halostagnicola

Natronococcus

Halopiger goleimassiliensis

Natrarchaeobaculum

Salinadaptatus

Natrarchaeobius

  • Family Natrialbaceae Gupta et al. 2015
    • Haloarchaeobius Makhdoumi-Kakhki et al. 2012
    • Halobiforma Hezayen et al. 2002
    •  ?"Halomontanus" Mao et al. 2024
    • Halopiger Gutierrez et al. 2007
    • Halorubellus Cui et al. 2014
    • Halosolutus Sun et al. 2022
    • Halostagnicola Castillo et al. 2006
    • Haloterrigena Ventosa et al. 1999
    • Halovivax Castillo et al. 2006
    • Natrarchaeobaculum Sorokin et al. 2020
    • Natrarchaeobius corrig. Sorokin et al. 2020
    • Natrialba Kamekura & Dyall-Smith 1996
    • Natribaculum Liu et al. 2015 [Halovarius Mehrshad et al. 2015]
    • Natronobacterium Tindall et al. 1984
    • Natronobiforma Sorokin et al. 2019
    • Natronococcus Tindall et al. 1984
    •  ?"Natronoglomus" Sorokin et al. 2024
    • Natronolimnobius Itoh et al. 2005
    • Natronolimnohabitans Sorokin et al. 2020
    • Natrinema McGenity et al. 1998
    • "Natronobeatus" Li et al. 2023
    • "Natrononativus" Li et al. 2023
    • Natronorubrum Xu et al. 1999
    •  ?Natronosalvus Tan et al. 2023
    • Salinadaptatus Xue et al. 2020
    • "Salinilacihabitans" Li et al. 2023
    • Saliphagus Yin et al. 2017
  • Family "Halalkalicoccaceae"
  • Family Haladaptataceae Rinke et al. 2020
  • Family Halococcaceae Gupta et al. 2016
  • Family Haloarculaceae
    • Halapricum Song et al. 2014
    • Haloarcula Torreblanca et al. 1986
    • Halocatena Verma et al. 2020
    • Halococcoides Sorokin et al. 2019
    • "Haloglomus" Duran-Viseras, Sanchez-Porro & Ventosa 2020
    • Halomarina Inoue et al. 2011
    • Halomicroarcula Echigo et al. 2013
    • Halomicrobium Oren et al. 2002 [Halosiccatus Mehrshad et al. 2016]
    • Halorientalis Cui et al. 2011
    • Halorhabdus Waino et al. 2000
    • Halosegnis Duran-Viseras et al. 2022 ["Halorarius" Sun et al. 2023; Sala Song et al. 2023 non Ross 1937 non Walker 1867; Salella Deshmukh & Oren 2023]
    • Halosimplex Vreeland et al. 2003
    • Halovenus Makhdoumi-Kakhki et al. 2012
    • Natronomonas Kamekura et al. 1997
    • Salinibaculum Han & Cui 2020
    • Salinirubellus Hou et al. 2018
    • Salinirussus Cui et al. 2017
  • Family Halobacteriaceae
    •  ?Actinoarchaeum Tang et al. 2024
    • Halanaeroarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2016
    • Halarchaeum Minegishi et al. 2010
    • Halobacterium (Elazari-Volcani 1940) Elazari-Volcani 1957 ["Halobacter" Anderson 1954]
    • Halocalculus Minegishi et al. 2015
    • Halodesulfurarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2017
    •  ?Halospeciosus Li et al. 2024
    • Salarchaeum Shimane et al. 2011
Phylogeny of Haloferacaceae[8][9][10]

Salinirubrum

Haloplanus

Halobium

Halogranum

"Halegenticoccus"

Haloprofundus

Halalkalirubrum

Natronocalculus

Halalkaliarchaeum

Halopenitus

  • Family Haloferacaceae Gupta et al. 2015
    • Halalkaliarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2019
    • "Halalkalirubrum" Zuo et al. 2021
    •  ?"Candidatus Halectosymbiota" corrig. Filker et al. 2014
    • "Halegenticoccus" Liu et al. 2019
    • Halobaculum Oren et al. 1995 ["Candidatus Halobonum" Ugalde et al. 2013]
    • Halobellus Cui et al. 2011
    • Halobium Mori et al. 2016
    • Haloferax Torreblanca et al. 1986
    • Halogeometricum Montalvo-Rodriguez et al. 1998 [Halosarcina Savage et al. 2008]
    • Halogranum Cui et al. 2010
    • Halohasta Mou et al. 2013
    • Halolamina Cui et al. 2011
    • Halonotius Burns et al. 2010
    • Haloparvum Chen et al. 2016
    • Halopelagius Cui et al. 2010
    • Halopenitus Amoozegar et al. 2012
    • Haloplanus Elevi Bardavid et al. 2007
    • Haloprofundus Zhang et al. 2017
    • Haloquadratum Burns et al. 2007
    • Halorubrum McGenity & Grant 1996 [Halorubrobacterium Kamekura & Dyall-Smith 1996]
    • Natronocalculus Sorokin et al. 2023
    •  ?"Salinirarus marinus" Zhang et al. 2024
    • Salinirubrum corrig. Cui & Qiu 2014
    • Salinigranum Cui & Zhang 2014

See also

References

  1. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Archaea". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  2. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Archaea". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  3. ↑ Parks, DH; Chuvochina, M; Waite, DW; Rinke, C; Skarshewski, A; Chaumeil, PA; Hugenholtz, P (November 2018). "A standardized bacterial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny substantially revises the tree of life". Nature Biotechnology. 36 (10): 996–1004. bioRxiv 10.1101/256800. doi:10.1038/nbt.4229. PMID 30148503. S2CID 52093100.
  4. ↑ Parks, DH; Chuvochina, M; Chaumeil, PA; Rinke, C; Mussig, AJ; Hugenholtz, P (September 2020). "A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (9): 1079–1086. bioRxiv 10.1101/771964. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0501-8. PMID 32341564. S2CID 216560589.
  5. ↑ Chaumeil, PA; Mussig, AJ; Hugenholtz, P; Parks, DH (15 November 2019). "GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database". Bioinformatics. 36 (6): 1925–1927. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz848. PMC 7703759. PMID 31730192.
  6. ↑ Almeida, Alexandre; Nayfach, Stephen; Boland, Miguel; Strozzi, Francesco; Beracochea, Martin; Shi, Zhou Jason; Pollard, Katherine S.; Sakharova, Ekaterina; Parks, Donovan H.; Hugenholtz, Philip; Segata, Nicola; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Finn, Robert D. (20 July 2020). "A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome". Nature Biotechnology. 39 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0603-3. PMC 7801254. PMID 32690973.
  7. ↑ Nayfach, Stephen; et al. (9 November 2020). "A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes". Nature Biotechnology. 39 (4): 499–509. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6. PMC 8041624. PMID 33169036.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  11. ↑ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  12. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  13. ↑ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 Ruize Xie, Yinzhao Wang, Danyue Huang, Jialin Hou, Liuyang Li, Haining Hu, Xiaoxiao Zhao, Fengping Wang: Expanding Asgard members in the domain of Archaea sheds new light on the origin of eukaryotes. In: Science China Life Sciences, vol. 65, p. 818–829, April 2022. doi:10.1007/s11427-021-1969-6, PMID 34378142. Epub: Aug. 6, 2021. Along with:Njordarchaeota, a new candidate for a sister group to eukaryotes. EurekAlert!, Oct. 20, 2021.
  15. ↑ LPSN: Order "Candidatus Njordarchaeales"
  16. 1 2 Fabai Wu, Daan R. Speth, Alon Philosof, Antoine Crémière, Aditi Narayanan, Roman A. Barco, Stephanie A. Connon, Jan P. Amend, Igor A. Antoshechkin, Victoria J. Orphan: Unique mobile elements and scalable gene flow at the prokaryote–eukaryote boundary revealed by circularized Asgard archaea genomes. In: Nature Microbiology volume 7, p. 200–212, Jan 13, 2022. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-01039-y, PMID 35027677, PMC 8813620. See also Extended Data Fig. 2.
  17. ↑ LPSN: Order "Candidatus Freyrarchaeales"
  18. ↑ LPSN: Family "Candidatus Sigynarchaeaceae"
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