Do you know any other error except the emergency stop, which does not contain information about the line number in the log file, where the error has been received?
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I think all tex errors include such a line number if they occur while a file is being processed, including emergency stop.
For example this document gives an emergency stop after trying to input a non-existent file
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\batchmode \input zzzzzzzzz
\end{document}
the log shows that the error is on line 5 ( l.5 )
! Emergency stop.
l.5 \batchmode \input zzzzzzzzz
*** (job aborted, file error in nonstop mode)
The errors that do not show a line number occur after the file has been read, typically due to a missing \end{document} in latex.
This document shows <*> rather than a line number, denoting an error when tex would have been reading from the terminal if it were not in batch mode.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\batchmode
produces the log
! Emergency stop.
<*> file
*** (job aborted, no legal \end found)
If you are not in batch mode so that TeX is accepting terminal input, then any TeX error can be produced showing <*> rather than a line number as the following terminal session shows
$ latex
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017) (preloaded format=latex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
**\relax
entering extended mode
LaTeX2e <2017-04-15>
Babel <3.12> and hyphenation patterns for 84 language(s) loaded.
*\zzzzz
! Undefined control sequence.
<*> \zzzzz
?
*\def\zzz}
! Missing { inserted.
<*> \def\zzz}
? x
No pages of output.
Transcript written on texput.log.
David Carlisle
- 757,742
I only know about the Emergency stop that does not record the line number but i do not know if it's the only exception.
– Tomas Apr 26 '17 at 00:09