I am quite new to this topic and I might have missed some important stuff during my research for answering a general question.
Which language or bibliography do scripts use, when communicating with a webpage but actually not reloading/refreshing the frontend. I have done some research in this field already and I came across selenium but this tool is communicating with the frontend (The actual buttons etc.). Also, I found Requests for Python which is using Post and Get Methods for HTTP requests. Which is actually what I am searching for but I want to find alternatives for other languages like JavaScript.
So my question would be: are there any other bibliographies or ways/methods especially with JavaScript to ensure a communication with the webpage without using the frontend.