The easiest way is to sort the list and then compare to the original list. They should match if the numbers increment as expected.
The first thing you need to do is to convert the list of string to a list of int, then sort, then compare.
A simple example,
list = ['10', '20', '30', '40', '50']
int_list = [int(i) for i in list]
print(int_list == sorted(int_list))
This will print True because the original list is sorted.
To see a failed case,
list = ['50', '20', '30', '10', '40']
int_list = [int(i) for i in list]
print(int_list == sorted(int_list))
Your code will look something like
list = driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//*[starts-with(@id, "popover-")]')
int_list = [int(i.text) for i in list]
print(int_list == sorted(int_list))