The thing that I struggled too but found a solution:
docker pull mongo
docker run --name CONTAINERNAME --restart=always -d -p 8080:8080 mongo mongod --auth
sudo docker exec -i -t CONTAINERNAME bash
mongo
use admin
db.createUser({user:"user", pwd:"password", roles:[{role:"root", db:"admin"}]})
exit && exit
Now you have created a running Docker container with everything you need. Now if you want to connect from any client with an admin user, just run this
mongo -u "user" -p "password" HOSTIP --authenticationDatabase "admin"