Decorator execution order

Question

def make_bold(fn):
    return lambda : "<b>" + fn() + "</b>"

def make_italic(fn):
    return lambda : "<i>" + fn() + "</i>"

@make_bold
@make_italic
def hello():
  return "hello world"

helloHTML = hello()

Output: "<b><i>hello world</i></b>"

I roughly understand about decorators and how it works with one of it in most examples.

In this example, there are 2 of it. From the output, it seems that @make_italic executes first, then @make_bold.

Does this mean that for decorated functions, it will first run the function first then moving towards to the top for other decorators? Like @make_italic first then @make_bold, instead of the opposite.

So this means that it is different from the norm of top-down approach in most programming lang? Just for this case of decorator? Or am I wrong?

Answer 1

Decorators wrap the function they are decorating. So make_bold decorated the result of the make_italic decorator, which decorated the hello function.

The @decorator syntax is really just syntactic sugar; the following:

@decorator
def decorated_function():
    # ...

is really executed as:

def decorated_function():
    # ...
decorated_function = decorator(decorated_function)

replacing the original decorated_function object with whatever decorator() returned.

Stacking decorators repeats that process outward.

So your sample:

@make_bold
@make_italic
def hello():
  return "hello world"

can be expanded to:

def hello():
  return "hello world"
hello = make_bold(make_italic(hello))

When you call hello() now, you are calling the object returned by make_bold(), really. make_bold() returned a lambda that calls the function make_bold wrapped, which is the return value of make_italic(), which is also a lambda that calls the original hello(). Expanding all these calls you get:

hello() = lambda : "<b>" + fn() + "</b>" #  where fn() ->
    lambda : "<i>" + fn() + "</i>" # where fn() -> 
        return "hello world"

so the output becomes:

"<b>" + ("<i>" + ("hello world") + "</i>") + "</b>"

Answer 2

I think the answer to this question seems straightforward but actually it isn't. When we talk about the order of decorators I think we have to keep in mind that the decorators themselves are evaluated in different moments during the executing: when the Python interpreter is evaluating the decorated method definition itself and when the decorated method is called/executed. The order of decorators as I could see in my experiments is different between these two phases.

Besides, keep in mind that when decorating a function we could have code that executes before the decorated method and code that runs after. This make things even more complicated when nesting decorators.

So, in few words:

• When the interpreter is evaluating the decorated method definition the decorators are evaluated from bottom --> top
• When the interpreter calls the decorated method the decorators are called from top --> bottom.

Consider the following code example:

print("========== Definition ==========")
def decorator(extra):
    print(" in decorator factory for %s " % extra)
    extra = " %s" % extra
    def inner(func):
        print(" defining decorator %s " % extra)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            print("before %s -- %s" % (func.__name__, extra))
            func(*args, **kwargs)
            print("after %s -- %s" % (func.__name__, extra))
        return wrapper
    return inner

@decorator('first')
@decorator('middle')
@decorator('last')
def hello():
    print('  Hello ')

print("\n========== Execution ==========")
hello()

The outtput of this code is the following:

========== Definition ==========
 in decorator factory for first 
 in decorator factory for middle 
 in decorator factory for last 
 defining decorator  last 
 defining decorator  middle 
 defining decorator  first 

========== Execution ==========
before wrapper --  first
before wrapper --  middle
before hello --  last
  Hello 
after hello --  last
after wrapper --  middle
after wrapper --  first

As we can see in this output the order is different (as explained before). During the definition decorators are evaluated from bottom to top meanwhile during the execution (which is the most important part in general) they are evaluated from to to bottom.

Going back the example proposed in the question, following is a sample code (without using lambda):

print("========== Definition ==========")
def make_bold(fn):
    print("make_bold decorator")
    def wrapper():
        print("bold")
        return "<b>" + fn() + "</b>"
    return wrapper

def make_italic(fn):
    print("make_italic decorator")
    def wrapper():
        print("italic")
        return "<i>" + fn() + "</i>"
    return wrapper

@make_bold
@make_italic
def hello():
  return "hello world"

print("\n========== Execution ==========")
print(hello())

The output in this case:

========== Definition ==========
make_italic decorator
make_bold decorator

========== Execution ==========
bold
italic
<b><i>hello world</i></b>

Newly the order of execution is from top to bottom. We can apply the same to the original code (a little bit modified to print we are we):

print("========== Definition ==========")

def make_bold(fn):
    print("make_bold")
    return lambda: print("exec_bold") or "<b>" + fn() + "</b>"

def make_italic(fn):
    print("make_italic")
    return lambda: print("exec_italic") or "<i>" + fn() + "</i>"

@make_bold
@make_italic
def hello():
  return "hello world"

print("\n========== Execution ==========")
print(hello())

The output is:

========== Definition ==========
make_italic
make_bold

========== Execution ==========
exec_bold
exec_italic
<b><i>hello world</i></b>

I hope this shed some light on the decorators order in Python and how it's handled.