_spPageContextInfo Object could be used for retrieving information about current page on the client side, specifically pageListId property returns the current List Id. List Item Id could be extracted from a query string in Display/Edit pages, SharePoint client API GetUrlKeyValue function is used that purpose in the below example.
The example demonstrates how to retrieve current List Item via JSOM:
function getCurrentItem(success,error){
var context = SP.ClientContext.get_current();
var web = context.get_web();
var listId = _spPageContextInfo.pageListId;
var itemId = parseInt(GetUrlKeyValue('ID'));
var list = web.get_lists().getById(listId);
var listItem = list.getItemById(itemId);
context.load(listItem);
context.executeQueryAsync(
function() {
success(listItem);
},
error
);
}
Usage
getCurrentItem(
function(item){
console.log(item.get_item('Title'));
},
function(sender,args){
console.log(args.get_message());
}
);