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In the following sentence:

Но насколько на самом деле опасна радиация?

This sentence does not seem to work if I use опасная (long form). I checked the rule for long/short forms, but both forms seem to work. I'm not usin any complement to the adjective (like готов к экзамену) nor am I using any infinite verb (like намерен выполнить всё), so I thought both forms work.

But why is опасная not correct here?

CocoPop
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Blaszard
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4 Answers4

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One could discuss the stylistic norms of long vs. short adjectives at length, but the biggest problem here I think is that the long form creates a clarity issue. Опасная immediately followed by радиация parses naturally as a noun phrase, so extra effort is needed to realise that this is "but how dangerous is the radiation really?" and not an incomplete sentence along the lines of "but how much does/is the dangerous radiation really [...]?". A "the old man the boats" kind of situation.

Nikolay Ershov
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3

You need to use the short form of an adjective when it functions as a verb ("сказуемое", maybe "predicate" is the correct English term).

Радиация (что делает?) опасна.

CocoPop
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alamar
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    I think you mean "when it is used as a predicate adjective with a linking verb". – David42 Dec 03 '21 at 14:12
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    Russian language does not use linking verbs, at least in present tense. "when it is used as a predicate adjective where it will be used with a linking verb has it been in English". In some very rusty Russian we could say Радиация суть опасна but modern Russian just drops the verb there. – alamar Dec 03 '21 at 16:06
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    Yes, that does complicate it a bit. I suppose we could say "where the verb is a form of быть, explicit or implied". I know a teacher who simplified it to "in an equational sentence". Just as an aside, the implied verb here is "есть", not "суть": "Радиация есть опасна.". Суть is plural: "Дела плоти известны; они суть: прелюбодеяние, блуд, нечистота..." – David42 Dec 03 '21 at 17:09
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    I think it's more complicated... "Лёд холодный" and "Лёд холоден" are both possible, aren't they? – Igor G Dec 03 '21 at 17:20
  • @IgorG Would you ask "Насколько холодный лёд?" or "Насколько холоден лёд?" I think the second form sounds better. Радиация (какова?) опасна. Радиация (какая?) опасная. I don't have an explanation right now when it is preferred to use the second form. Will try to figure it out and how it can be explained... – Ivan Shatsky Dec 05 '21 at 07:55
  • Холодный лёд, опасная радиация are perfectly fine sentences without predicate. – alamar Dec 06 '21 at 08:16
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    @IvanShatsky, I agree that "Насколько холоден лёд?" is better. But then, if asked to compare "Насколько холодным был лёд?" vs. "Насколько холоден был лёд?", I would prefer the former (long form, instrumental case). Just like you, I also cannot quite put my finger on "why?" and "which one to use in which case?"... One thing I'm sure about is that the issue isn't as simple as "need the short form when used as a predicate". – Igor G Dec 06 '21 at 22:28
  • был is a predicate itself so it makes short form optional. – alamar Dec 12 '21 at 21:54
  • For me, both "Насколько холодный лёд?" or "Насколько холоден лёд?" are both fine. However, опасная радиация doesn't (in this context) because it's a word combination, not a phrase. It doesn't convey a message, while радиация опасна` does. I guess the predicate discussion above is the right way to formulate it. – Dr_Zaszuś Feb 06 '22 at 13:21
  • @Dr_Zaszuś I can totally imagine a tablet "опасная радиация" under the radiation hazard sign. – alamar Feb 06 '22 at 18:17
  • @alamar I am afraid I cannot agree. The formulation you’ll encounter most often is “Опасно! Радиация!” or “Осторожно! Радиация!” like in this sign http://www.gigbor.by/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ostorozhno_radiatsiya.jpg No offense, but saying “опасная радиация” sounds like what a child would write, since one imagines there is no radiation that would not be dangerous. ☢️ – Dr_Zaszuś Feb 07 '22 at 19:12
  • Then we can agree to disagree. – alamar Feb 07 '22 at 19:54
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The way I see it, the full form of adjectives signifies some kind of permanent, unalienable property, while the short form may mean the property is under assession or doubt.

Thus, as Nikolay Ershov said, опасная радиация would be parsed as a noun phrase.

For instance, "он тогда был плох" would mean he was ill (bad) at the time, while "он тогда был плохой" would mean he was a bad guy.

So, the full form is like adding an article in English: "he was a bad" vs "he was bad". So, "Но насколько на самом деле опасная радиация?" reads like "How much a/the dangerous radiation?", and reads, as stated previously, like a noun phrase.

Anixx
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«Насколько» is the complement.

Alexey Veleshko
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