You can find definition in the .xsd (XML schema) which usually located for the UI components in vendor/magento/module-ui/view/base/ui_component/etc/definition directory.
vendor/magento/module-ui/etc/ui_configuration.xsd
<xs:complexType name="componentColumnsConfigured">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="componentColumns">
<xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:element ref="column"/>
<xs:element ref="actionsColumn"/>
<xs:element ref="selectionsColumn"/>
</xs:choice>
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
Column itself:
<xs:element name="column" type="componentColumn">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
The Column component is a collection of columns and it provides an interface for such actions
as showing and hiding columns.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
Column component (componentColumn):
vendor/magento/module-ui/view/base/ui_component/etc/definition/column.xsd
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
/**
* Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" elementFormDefault="qualified">
<!-- Include section -->
<xs:include schemaLocation="urn:magento:module:Magento_Ui:view/base/ui_component/etc/definition/ui_component.xsd"/>
<xs:complexType name="componentColumn">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:group ref="configurable" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element name="settings" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:group ref="componentColumnSettings"/>
</xs:choice>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attributeGroup ref="ui_element_attributes"/>
</xs:complexType>
<xs:group name="componentColumnSettings">
<xs:choice>
<xs:group ref="uiElementSettings"/>
<xs:element ref="draggable"/>
<xs:element ref="sorting"/>
<xs:element ref="sortable"/>
<xs:element ref="controlVisibility"/>
<xs:element ref="bodyTmpl"/>
<xs:element ref="headerTmpl"/>
<xs:element ref="label">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
The column label displayed in the header.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element ref="fieldClass"/>
<xs:element ref="disableAction"/>
<xs:element ref="filter"/>
<xs:element ref="editor"/>
<xs:element ref="dataType"/>
<xs:element ref="visible"/>
<xs:element name="resizeEnabled" type="xs:boolean">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
Option that enables resize for current column.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="resizeDefaultWidth" type="xs:integer">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
Option that sets the initial column width in pixels.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="addField" type="xs:boolean"/>
<xs:element name="hasPreview" type="xs:boolean">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
For Thumbnail column: enables image preview popup.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="altField" type="xs:string">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
For Thumbnail column: specifies the index (column name), which should be used as a value
for the image alt attribute.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="fieldAction" type="columnActions">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
Describes action that will be applied when user clicks on one of the column's fields.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="options" type="optionsType">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
An array of objects used to display a field's content by matching the associated record's
value with the value of one of the elements provided in "options".
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="dateFormat" type="xs:string">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
For the Date column: Date format for the displayed column's values.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="timeFormat" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="skipTimeZoneConversion" type="xs:boolean">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
For the Date column: If time not important for filtering.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="timezone" type="xs:boolean">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
For the Date column: enables date conversion based on the timezone configuration.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
</xs:choice>
</xs:group>
<xs:complexType name="columnActions">
<xs:choice minOccurs="2" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:element name="params" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
A list of arguments that will be passed to the method.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:element ref="param"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="provider" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
Reference to component.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="target" type="xs:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>
Name of the component's method to be invoked.
</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
</xs:element>
</xs:choice>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:schema>
Important Note: This information captured from the Magento 2.2.5. Actual information could be found inside corresponding Magento_Ui module of yours Magento.
