seeing 尿が遠い/尿が近い in some medical documents and sites, what does 遠い and 近い mean in this sense? Does it literally mean the urine is far(ranged)/urine is close (ranged)?
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In this case, 「[近]{ちか}い」 and 「[遠]{とお}い」 express temporal intervals and not spatial distances -- "at shorter intervals" and "at longer intervals", respectively.
「[尿]{にょう}が近い」 means "having the tendency of urinating frequently".
「尿が遠い」 means the opposite of that -- "not having to pee very often".
We also say euphemistically 「トイレが近い/遠い」 to express the exact same ideas without using the word 「尿」(= "urine").
(Needless to say, 「トイレが近い/遠い」 can also be used for their "literal" meanings -- "The restroom is close by / far away.")
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1Just adding that in my experience, 尿が遠い is not used much. But 尿が近い, トイレが近い and also オシッコが近い are pretty common phases for older people. – Jesse Casman Oct 03 '21 at 22:02