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Please help me understand how does the main verb in passé composé change (especially when the subject is not singular). It would be helpful if you could detect the mistakes in the following sentences (which I made):

  • Simone et Léon se sont mariés le 3 mai 1930, à la mairie, puis à l'église.
  • Ils ont eu trois enfants.
  • Quand les enfants sont partis, Simone et Léon ne sont pas restés ensemble, ils sont divorcés.

I am confident that the following sentence is correct:

Léon est devenu grand-père. Il a eu quatre petits-enfants.

(eu in singular)

To sum up, I realise that the passé composé for plural form could be different like Alexis Pigeon kindly pointed in an earlier question (When to use imparfait or passé composé for simultaneous actions?). However I do not see the passé composé in plural form in many lists for verb conjugation.

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Abhimanyu Arora
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2 Answers2

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Depending on the verb, passé composé and other composite past tense either use the auxiliary avoir or être. There is no absolute rule to choose the auxiliary. Most verbs use avoir. Only verbs that cannot have a direct object (and hence cannot have a passive voice) can use être. Broadly speaking, verbs that express a state or motion use être.

If the auxiliary is avoir, then the past participle is invariant.

Ils ont eu trois enfants.
Ils ont divorcé.
Elle a bu trois verres.

(Note that it is also possible to say “ils sont divorcés”, meaning “they are divorced”. Here the past participle is used as an adjective, unlike in “ils ont divorcé” (“they divorced”) where the past participle is used as part of the passé composé.)

There is an exception: if the verb has a direct object (COD) which comes before the verb in the sentence, then the past participle that is part of the passé composé agrees with the object. A common case is a subordinate clause where the conjunction is the object.

Elle a payé les trois verres qu'elle a bus.

If the auxiliary is être, then the past participle that is part of the passé composé form agrees with the subject and takes plural and feminine marks if needed:

Les parents sont revenus de leur soirée.

Some pronominal verbs (se laver, se taire, …) are an exception. They use the auxiliary être but do not always agree with the subject. Roughly speaking, there is agreement with the subject except when the pronoun se is a direct object. This is a complex subject (which even natives have trouble with) and I'm not giving all the details here.

Ils se sont lavés.
Ils se sont lavé les mains.

Gilles 'SO nous est hostile'
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  • Merçi for the very clear explanation, Gilles. Thanks to it, I think I caught the mistake in my third sentence—ils ont divorcé :-). Also, in the last part of your answer you refer to «se» being a noun. I always thought it was part of a verb e.g. se laver etc. Could you please clarify? – Abhimanyu Arora Aug 19 '13 at 08:32
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    @AbhimanyuArora se is a pronoun. Depending on the verb, it may have a separate grammatical function, e.g. se laver = wash oneself. – Gilles 'SO nous est hostile' Aug 19 '13 at 08:37
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The rules are (for non-pronominal verbs):

  • With the "être" auxiliary verb, you have to make agree the main verb and the subject in number and gender. (Ils sont partis, Elle est sortie, Il est venu, Elles sont rentrées)

  • With the "avoir" auxiliary verb, there are four cases:

    1) Without object: you do not have to make agree the main verb and the subject (Il a mangé, Elle a bu, Ils ont rigolé, Elles ont pleuré)

    2) With an object placed after the verb: same as before you do not ahve to make agree the verb and the subject or object (Elle a aimé la musique, Ils ont vu le concert, Elles ont évité les problèmes)

    3) With an object placed before the verb: you have to make agree the verb and the object. (Les lettres que j'ai reçues., La voiture qu'il a achetée., Les gâteaux sont bons. Nous les avons appréciés.)

    4) With an object placed before and the word "en" to refer to this object: don't have to make agree the verb and the object. (Il y a des pommes pas chères, j'en ai acheté., De telles performances, il n'en a jamais vu)

But don't worry because a lot of French people do not make agree correctly the verb and whatever with the "avoir" auxiliary verb. However with the "être" auxiliary verb it is quite easy due to the fact that there is no exception for once!

Ludovic C.
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