Des may mean different things:
- preposition de, which can be joined with plural definite article les as de + les = des
- plural indefinite article des
- plural partitive article (aka some of the...)
Here preposition de is not needed, so des is in fact the mixture of the last two bullets. It could be interpreted as partitive, given that les utilisateurs de jets privés are not the only gros pollueurs, but only a part of a larger group. However, one also needs an article in an "equation" phrase, when the predicate contains an adjective:
il est pollueur -> il est un gros pollueur
(what makes it less obvious is that English does not have a plural form for an indefinite article a, using no article at all when a plural is indefinite.)
Remark:
Upon reflection I think we should also exclude the option that des here is an indefinite article, since les utilisateurs de jets privés is a definite phrase in French, implying the totality of these persons (unlike in English, where the first mentioning of this group could be indefinite, i.e., without an article.)