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What is the syntactic function of the non-finite clause "called a typedef" in the sentence "C provides a facility called a typedef."?

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It is a subordinate (or dependent) clause. It is a little difficult to identify since the words that is have been omitted:

C provides a facility that is called a typedef.

With the relative pronoun that included, the rest of the sentence is easier to identify as a subordinate clause.

Wikipedia: Dependant clause

Mick
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  • Linguists refer to this process as "whiz deletion" ('whiz' stands for 'which is'). – Colin Fine Jan 20 '18 at 20:37
  • @ColinFine I was wondering what the precise term was. I looked up elide, but that didn't seem to fit. – Mick Jan 20 '18 at 20:41
  • Thank you very much for your answer. Finally, I have found a similar structure in my prefered grammar reference, which calls such structures "reduced relative clauses", too. –  Jan 20 '18 at 20:49
  • @Sinushyperbolikus I wouldn't accept answers straight away. Give it 24 hours. You may get a better (and more precise) answer. I am no expert. Accepting answers too soon may discourage other users from posting answers. – Mick Jan 20 '18 at 20:51
  • Such a construction can also be analyzed as a participial phrase, here modifying facility. – KarlG Jan 20 '18 at 20:52
  • There are over 100 hits in a search for 'reduced relative clause' on ELU. Other hits for 'whiz deletion'. – Edwin Ashworth Jan 20 '18 at 22:34