glReadBuffer(...)/glDrawBuffer(...)/glDrawBuffers(...) access part of a framebuffer's state.
For reading the default framebuffer, this is GL_FRONT or GL_BACK. However, the documentation doesn't say what it is for FBOs. The only thing I found was an offhand comment here stating that the default is GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 (which is what I would guess). Can I rely on that?
For writing, I didn't immediately find any claims what what color buffers are enabled.