Prohibiția în Statele Unite ale Americii

Prohibiția este o măsură legislativă sau administrativă, prin care se interzice producerea, vânzarea, exportul sau importul unor mărfuri.

În istoria Statelor Unite prohibiția, cunoscută și sub numele de Experimentul Nobil, a fost o perioadă începând cu 1920 până în 1933, în timpul căreia vânzarea, producerea, consumarea și transportarea de alcool și de băuturi alcoolice erau interzise la nivel național.

Sub o presiune enormă din partea unor mișcări religioase, Senatul Statelor Unite a propus al XVIII-lea amendament la 18 decembrie 1917. După ce a fost aprobat de cele 36 de state, al XVIII-lea amendament a fost ratificat la 16 ianuarie 1919 și pus în aplicare la 16 ianuarie 1920. Unele state federale au interzis alcoolul încă înainte de ratificarea legii.

Referințe

• Kingsdale, Jon M. "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon," American Quarterly vol. 25 (October, 1973): 472-89.
• Kyvig; David E. Law, Alcohol, and Order: Perspectives on National Prohibition Greenwood Press, 1985.
• Mark Lender, editor, Dictionary of American Temperance Biography Greenwood Press, 1984
• Miron, Jeffrey A. and Jeffrey Zwiebel. “Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition.” American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242-247.
• Miron, Jeffrey A. "Alcohol Prohibition" Eh.Net Encyclopedia (2005) online
• Moore, L.J. Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan: the traditional view and the popular revision. Journal of Social History, 1990, 24 (2), 341-358.
• Sellman; James Clyde. "Social Movements and the Symbolism of Public Demonstrations: The 1874 Women's Crusade and German Resistance in Richmond, Indiana" Journal of Social History. Volume: 32. Issue: 3. 1999. pp 557+.
• Rumbarger; John J. Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800–1930, State University of New York Press, 1989.
• Sinclair; Andrew. Prohibition: The Era of Excess 1962.
• Timberlake, James. Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 Harvard University Press, 1963.
• Tracy, Sarah W. and Caroline Jean Acker; Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000. University of Massachusetts Press, 2004
• Victor A. Walsh, "'Drowning the Shamrock': Drink, Teetotalism and the Irish Catholics of Gilded-Age Pittsburgh," Journal of American Ethnic History vol. 10, no. 1-2 (Fall 1990-Winter 1991): 60-79.

Bibliografie

• Behr, Edward. (1996). Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-356-3.
• Burns, Eric. (2003). The Spirits of America: A Social History of Alcohol. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-214-6.
• Clark, Norman H. (1976). Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05584-1.
• Kahn, Gordon, and Al Hirschfeld. (1932, rev. 2003). The Speakeasies of 1932. New York: Glenn Young Books. ISBN 1-55783-518-7.
• Kobler, John. (1973). Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-11209-X.
• Lerner, Michael A. (2007). Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02432-X.
• Murdoch, Catherine Gilbert. (1998). Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870-1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5940-9.
• Okrent, Daniel. (2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-7702-3
• Pegram, Thomas R. (1998). Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800-1933. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-208-0.
• Waters, Harold. (1971). Smugglers of Spirits: Prohibition and the Coast Guard Patrol. New York: Hastings House. ISBN 0-8038-6705-0.

Vezi și

Legături externe

• Alcohol prohibition Arhivat în 29 august 2012, la Wayback Machine. (EH.Net economic history encyclopedia)
• The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption (PDF) Arhivat în 4 martie 2009, la Wayback Machine.
• Hypertext History — U.S. Prohibition Arhivat în 6 septembrie 2006, la Wayback Machine.
• Prohibition news page — Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• About.com: Prohibition (in the U.S.) Arhivat în 7 august 2011, la Wayback Machine.
• Did Prohibition Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime?
• Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition)
• Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Alcohol Prohibition — 1926
• Policy Analysis — Alcohol Prohibition Was A Failure
• Prohibition in Appalachia: "Little Chicago" The Story of Johnson City,Tennessee Arhivat în 1 decembrie 2006, la Wayback Machine.
• Free from the Nightmare of Prohibition Arhivat în 23 februarie 2006, la Wayback Machine. (by Harry Browne)
• Historic Images of US Prohibition
• Prohibition: How Dry We Ain't Arhivat în 19 ianuarie 2010, la Wayback Machine. - slideshow by Life magazine

• Cand America isi ucidea betivii Arhivat în 28 aprilie 2014, la Wayback Machine., 7 aprilie 2010, Revista Magazin
• Efectul prohibiției alcoolului: un râu plin de whisky Arhivat în 29 noiembrie 2012, la Wayback Machine., 16 ianuarie 2010, Andreea Dogar, Evenimentul zilei