List of stars with resolved images

The following is a list of stars with resolved images, that is, stars whose images have been resolved beyond a point source. Aside from the Sun, observed from Earth, stars are exceedingly small in apparent size, requiring the use of special high-resolution equipment and techniques to image. For example, Betelgeuse, the first star other than the Sun to be resolved, has an angular diameter of only 50 milliarcseconds (mas).[1]

List

List of stars with resolved images
Star Image Diameter Distance
(ly)		 First imager Year Notes
Angular (mas) Geometric (R☉)
Sun 2000000 1 0.0000158 Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault[2] 1845
Altair
α Aql		 3.2 1.66±0.01 (polar)
2.02±0.01 (equator)		 16.77±0.08 CHARA array – MIRC[3] 2006
Rasalhague
α Oph A		 1.62±0.03 2.39±0.01 (polar)
2.87±0.02 (equator)		 48.6±0.8 CHARA array – MIRC[4] 2006
Alderamin
α Cep		 1.35±0.02 (polar)
1.75±0.03 (equator)		 2.20±0.04 (polar)
2.74±0.04 (equator)		 48.8±0.36 CHARA array – MIRC[4] 2006
Caph
β Cas		 1.70±0.04 3.1±0.1 (polar)
3.8±0.1 (equator)		 54.7±0.3 CHARA array – MIRC[5] 2007
Regulus
α Leo Aa		 1.24±0.02 3.2±0.1 (polar)
4.2±0.1 (equator)		 79.3±0.7 CHARA array – MIRC[5] 2008
Algol
β Per Aa1
0.88±0.05 4.13 93±2 CHARA array – MIRC[6] 2006 stationary object in the animation
β Per Aa2 1.12±0.07 3 orbiting object in the animation
β Per Ab 0.56±0.10 0.9 Observed radius of Algol Ab is an instrumental artifact, caused by bandwidth smearing.
Actual radius is 1.73 ± 0.33 R☉.
Alkaid
η UMa		 0.834±0.060 2.86±0.21 103.9±0.8 CHARA array[7] 2012
σ Gem A 2.425 10.1±0.4 126±2 CHARA array/MIRC[8] 2011 The star contains starspots on its surface
Markab
α Peg		 1.052±0.066 4.62±0.29 133±1 CHARA array[7] 2012
Elnath
β Tau		 1.09±0.076 4.82±0.34 134±2 CHARA array[7] 2012
ζ And Aa 2.502±0.008 15.0±0.8 (polar) 189±3 CFHT[9][10] 1996 First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System.
R Dor
Detailed images of the surface of the star R Doradus (no annotations) (eso2412b).jpg
 57±5 370±50 204±9 New Technology Telescope[11] 1993 2nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun.
Mira
ο Cet A		 28.9–34.9[12] 332–402[12] 420 Hubble – FOC[13] 1997
Polaris
α UMi Aa
Polaris surface image.png
 3.143±0.027 46.27±0.42 446±1 CHARA array[14] 2024
T Lep 5.8
15 for molecular layer		 100 500 Very Large Telescope – VLTI[15]/AMBER[16] 2009
π1 Gru 21[17] 370[17] 535[17] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[18] 2017 First directly observed granulation patterns on a star's surface outside the Solar System.
Antares
α Sco A		 41.3±0.1 680[19] 553[20] Very Large Telescope – VLTI/AMBER[21][22] 2017
R Car 10.23±0.05–13.77±0.14 400–540 590±40 Very Large Telescope – PIONIER[23] 2014[a]
Betelgeuse
α Ori		 50 640[24]–764[25] 643±146 Hubble – GHRS[1] 1995 First star with a resolved image outside the Solar System.
Sheliak
β Lyr Aa		 0.46 6 960±50 CHARA array – MIRC[26] 2007 Both Aa1 and Aa2 are visible in the animation.
R Scl 8.9±0.3 355±55 1180±140 Very Large Telescope – AMBER[27] 2017
θ1 Ori C 0.2 10.6±1.5 1400 Very Large Telescope – AMBER[28] 2009 In the image, the right inset is θ1 Ori C and the left inset is θ1 Ori F.
θ1 Ori F Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY[29] 2016
ε Aur 2.22±0.10[30] 143–358[30] 2000–4800[30] CHARA array – MIRC[31] 2009 Supergiant with an eclipsing companion surrounded by a massive, opaque debris disk
AZ Cyg 4.05±0.01 911+57
−50		 6820+420
−380		 CHARA array – MIRC[32] 2011[b]
SU Per 3.53±0.09[33] 1044+31
−21–1139+34
−23[34]		 7,250+470
−420[35]		 CHARA array[33] 2015
ρ Cas
RhoCas image.png
 2.09±0.02 564-700 8150±1630 CHARA array[36] 2024
RW Cep 2.45 1100±44 [37] 11000+4600
−2600–22000+5200
−3300		 CHARA array – MIRC-X and MYSTIC[38] 2022 Hypergiant star currently undergoing a great dimming event
HR 5171 Aa 4.1±0.8 1060–1160[39] 11740±1630 Very Large Telescope – VLTI/PIONIER[40] 2014 Eclipsing and potential contact binary yellow hypergiant
WOH G64 800[41] ca. 160 000 Very Large Telescope – VLTI/GRAVITY[42] 2024 Star is in the Large Magellanic Cloud. First resolved image of star outside of the Milky Way.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Published 2024 based on observations from 2014 and 2020
  2. ↑ First peer-reviewed publication in 2021, based on observations from 2011-2016

References

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  2. ↑ "NASA – Sun–Earth Day – Technology Through Time". NASA. 2006. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  3. ↑ J.D. Monnier; et al. (2007). "Imaging the Surface of Altair". Science. 317 (5836): 342–5. arXiv:0706.0867. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..342M. doi:10.1126/science.1143205. PMID 17540860. S2CID 4615273.
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  6. ↑ Baron, F.; Monnier, J.; Pedretti, E.; Zhao, M.; Schaefer, G.; Parks, R.; Che, X.; Thureau, N.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Farrington, C.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. (2012). "Imaging the Algol Triple System in the H Band with the CHARA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (1): 20. arXiv:1205.0754. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...20B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/20. S2CID 11110989.
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  9. ↑ Kővári, Zs.; Bartus, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Oláh, K.; Weber, M.; Rice, J. B.; Washuettl, A. (2007). "Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XXIII. The ellipsoidal K giant binary ζ Andromedae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 463 (3): 1071. arXiv:1301.0445. Bibcode:2007A&A...463.1071K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065982.
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  11. ↑ "The Biggest Star in the Sky". ESO. March 11, 1997. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
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  13. ↑ "Hubble Separates Stars in the Mira Binary System". HubbleSite. 6 August 1997. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
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  15. ↑ "Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  16. ↑ J.-B. Le Bouquin, S. Lacour, S. Renard, E. Thiébaut, A. Merand, T. Verhoelst, Pre-maximum spectro-imaging of the Mira star T Leporis with AMBER/VLTI, Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 496, Number 1, March II 2009, L1–L4.
  17. 1 2 3 Wallstrom, S. H. J.; Danilovich, T.; Muller, H. S. P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Maes, S.; Van de Sande, M.; Decin, L.; Richards, A. M. S.; Baudry, A.; Bolte, J.; Ceulemans, T.; De Ceuster, F.; de Koter, A.; Mellah, I. El; Esseldeurs, M. (December 6, 2023). "ATOMIUM: Molecular inventory of 17 oxygen-rich evolved stars observed with ALMA". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A50. arXiv:2312.03467. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347632. ISSN 0004-6361.
  18. ↑ "Giant Bubbles on Red Giant Star's Surface". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  19. ↑ Ohnaka, K; Hofmann, K.-H; Schertl, D; Weigelt, G; Baffa, C; Chelli, A; Petrov, R; Robbe-Dubois, S (2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. S2CID 56396587.
  20. ↑ van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  21. ↑ "Astronomers Capture Best-Ever Image of Alien Star". Scientific American. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  22. ↑ "VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares".
  23. ↑ Rosales-Guzmán, A.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; et al. (August 2024). "A new dimension in the variability of AGB stars: Convection patterns size changes with pulsation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 688: A124. arXiv:2405.10164. Bibcode:2024A&A...688A.124R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349112.
  24. ↑ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023-01-01). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A9. arXiv:2211.04967. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A...9M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924. ISSN 0004-6361.
  25. ↑ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken’ichi (2020-10-01). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 0004-637X.
  26. ↑ M. Zhao; et al. (2008). "First Resolved Images Of The Eclipsing And Interacting Binary Beta Lyrae". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): L95 – L98. arXiv:0808.0932. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684L..95Z. doi:10.1086/592146. S2CID 17510817.
  27. ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Hofmann, K.-H.; et al. (May 2017). "Aperture synthesis imaging of the carbon AGB star R Sculptoris. Detection of a complex structure and a dominating spot on the stellar disk". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 601: A3. arXiv:1702.02574. Bibcode:2017A&A...601A...3W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630214.
  28. ↑ "The orbit of Theta1 Orionis C". European Southern Observatory. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  29. ↑ "First Light For Future Black Hole Probe". European Southern Observatory. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
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  32. ↑ Norris, Ryan P.; Baron, Fabien R.; et al. (October 2021). "Long Term Evolution of Surface Features on the Red Supergiant AZ Cyg". The Astrophysical Journal. 919 (2): 124. arXiv:2106.15636. Bibcode:2021ApJ...919..124N. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0c7e.
  33. 1 2 Norris, Ryan (2023). "Student Science at NMT: Learning Optical Interferometry Through Projects on Evolved Stars" (PDF). CHARA.
  34. ↑ Norris, Ryan (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. doi:10.57709/15009706.
  35. ↑ Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Rybizki, J.; Fouesneau, M.; Demleitner, M.; Andrae, R. (2021). "Estimating Distances from Parallaxes. V. Geometric and Photogeometric Distances to 1.47 Billion Stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (3): 147. arXiv:2012.05220. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..147B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd806. SU Persei's database entry at VizieR.
  36. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; et al. (October 2024). "CHARA Near-infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star ρ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope". The Astrophysical Journal. 974 (1): 113. arXiv:2408.02756. Bibcode:2024ApJ...974..113A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6b2b.
  37. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Monnier, John D.; Montargés, Miguel; Mérand, Antoine; Baron, Fabien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; Kraus, Stefan; Anderson, Matthew D.; Codron, Isabelle; Gardner, Tyler; Gutierrez, Mayra; Köhler, Rainer (September 2024). "Time Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei during the Rebrightening Phase Following the Great Dimming". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 973 (1): L5. arXiv:2408.11906. Bibcode:2024ApJ...973L...5A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad736c. ISSN 2041-8205.
  38. ↑ Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Gies, Douglas R.; Lanthermann, Cyprien; Schaefer, Gail H.; Shepard, Katherine A.; ten Brummelaar, Theo; Monnier, John D.; Kraus, Stefan; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Davies, Claire L.; Ennis, Jacob; Gardner, Tyler; Labdon, Aaron; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Setterholm, Benjamin R.; Vollmann, Wolfgang; Sigismondi, Constantino (July 2023). "The Great Dimming of the hypergiant star RW Cephei: CHARA Array images and spectral analysis". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (2): 78. arXiv:2307.04926. Bibcode:2023AJ....166...78A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace59d. S2CID 259766495.
  39. ↑ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; de Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019-11-01). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. ISSN 0004-6361.
  40. ↑ Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1709: L1. arXiv:1709.09430. Bibcode:2017A&A...606L...1W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731569. S2CID 54740936.
  41. ↑ Munoz-Sanchez, G.; Kalitsounaki, M.; Wit, S. de; Antoniadis, K.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Zapartas, E.; Boutsia, K.; Christodoulou, E.; Maravelias, G. (2024-12-02), The dramatic transition of the extreme Red Supergiant WOH G64 to a Yellow Hypergiant, arXiv:2411.19329, retrieved 2024-12-08
  42. ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Weigelt, G.; Loon, J. Th van; Schertl, D.; Goldman, S. R. (2024-11-01). "Imaging the innermost circumstellar environment of the red supergiant WOH G64 in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 691: L15. arXiv:2412.01921. Bibcode:2024A&A...691L..15O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451820. ISSN 0004-6361.
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