Finding late 1930's ship departures from the Port of San Francisco?

Question

I have been able to locate arrival records from Europe to the United States but have not been able to have success with the reverse. My grandfather and his mother returned back to Europe soon after arrival into San Francisco but I have not been able to locate a record. In order to narrow my search, is there an index of passenger ships embarking from San Francisco, CA to Germany / Czechoslovakia between 1936 and 1943?

Context:

My grandfather arrived to San Francisco, CA by ship from Zwodau, Czechoslovakia as a toddler with his mother (Gertrude Unger, maiden name: Posselt or Possolt) on July 23, 1936 aboard the M/S Seattle [1]. She was coming to meet and marry her fiancé Rudolf Stach [2] which she did on July 30, 1936 [4]. Family lore says that my great great grandmother Barbara Stachova (Rudolf's mother) was not happy when she learned he had married an already divorced woman with child and secretly sent Gerdi and young son away by train. However, we never had contact with that side of the family and are trying to figure out what really happened.

My grandfather and his mother did not return to the USA until 1952 at which point he finished his last year of high school, married my grandmother and joined the US military. My grandfather said that his grandfather Otto Possolt raised him and he was very unhappy to leave him and come to the US.

Departure contact address [1]: Otto Possolt(?spelling) Bahnhofstr.75 Zwodau, Czechoslovakia (now Svatava, Sokolov, Czech Republic)

Arrival contact address [1]: Rudolf Stach 955 Bush St San Francisco, CA, USA

[1]: "California, San Francisco Passenger Lists, 1893-1953", index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/KXHQ-DDT : accessed 09 Aug 2014), Otto Horst Unger, 1936.

[2]: "California, San Francisco Passenger Lists, 1893-1953", index and images, FamilySearch, Rudolf Stach, 1934.

[3]: "New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957", index and images, FamilySearch, Gertrude Stach, 1952.

[4]: "California, San Francisco County Records, 1824-1997," images, FamilySearch, Marriages > Marriage Certificate Index (Brides), Vol. 32, 1936-1937 > image 210 of 233; citing Public Library.

Answer 1

Jan Murphy's answer focused on resources. Mine is more about questions that may spark research paths. They may not all be answerable:

1. Return to Europe, first "sent away by train" - How far did they go on the train and to which port? Could they have gone all the way to the east coast before embarking to Europe? How much would the voyage have cost? Was she given money to go away, or would she have had to write to her father for funds?

2. If the return was instigated by Rudolf's mother Barbara, was there contact by letter afterward between Rudolf and Gertrude? Did either ever get a divorce (or annullment)?

3. Although her citizenship status was not automatically changed by her marriage, would Gertrude have still had valid travel papers (passport, identification) when she was sent away? Would she have had to go to a consulate or embassy to replace expired documents? Where were those offices? If she was traveling after 1938, what effect did the German annexation of the Sudetenland have on her situation?

4. Date bounds - Where was Rudolph in the 1940 U.S. census and who was in the household? Was he still married to Gertrude, even if she was already gone?

5. Date bounds - After Gertrude's return to Zwodau, did she have to register her arrival and change in residence? When and where did Otto start school?

There are probably arrival records for ports in continental Europe, archived in the various countries, however none are currently on-line. Even if the arrival port and date were known, it would still difficult to track down a passenger list at this time.

(I thought it was very interesting that, according to the referenced 1936 passenger list, Gertrude and Otto were on the same ship all the way from Hamburg, through the Panama Canal, to California, and that the voyage took only 40 days. Also according to the passenger list, Rudolf was a recent immigrant from Czechoslovakia, too).

Answer 2

In many respects, your question is like one already posted here, How can I determine what records are available in a particular locale? The same principles apply for discovering records for a particular time or topic.

My checklist for finding new record groups looks like this:

1. Learn what records might have been created in a particular time and place.
2. Research which of those records might still exist.
3. Research what repositories might hold those records.
4. Research which online repositories might hold those records.

As part of my step one, it often helps to ask why records are created. Many of the lists of passengers inbound to the USA that we are familiar with were created as a result of Federal laws that were created in 1882. If you look at the headers of the passenger lists, you can see how the questions changed over time, and what information the federal government was interested in collecting about people coming into the United States.

There are far fewer records of people departing. Records won't be created unless there is some compelling interest to do so. Most of these records won't help you because they are too early or too late for your question, and none of them are from San Francisco, but I'm including them in this answer to show examples of what records were created, and so you and other readers can see the explanations about why they were created. So far I have discovered:

• NARA Microfilm Publication A3376, Passenger Lists of Vessels (January 1949-March 1957) and Passenger and Crew Lists of Airplanes (June 1947-March 1957) Departing from Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. There is a downloadable pdf describing this collection.

• The Aliens’ Applications for Permission to Depart from the United States (ARC ID 567234). See the National Archives' blog NARAtions NARA Coast to Coast: Emigration Records at the National Archives at Philadelphia, Part 1 for a description of these records, which were from the WWI era. (The second part of this article, which was to talk about Outward Bound Alien Passenger Lists, was apparently never written; in a post a few weeks later, the author said "I know I promised to post Part 2 about Emigration Records at the National Archives at Philadelphia as the next NARA Coast to Coast post, but I’ve gotten a bit stuck in my research and other work has gotten in the way." and the author only has one other post after that on the blog.)

• A catalog description of the few outbound lists that do exist can be seen by searching for "outward passenger lists" at NARA but the search results did not seem to have anything for San Francisco. For the passenger lists referred to immediately above this list entry see Outward Passenger Lists for the Port of Philadelphia, 1872 - 1911 for the catalog listing at NARA.

These are not travel records, and they are also outside your period of interest, but other records created about non-citizens in the United States include:

• Alien files (A-Files), files created by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) beginning in 1944, about aliens (non-citizens) residing in the United States. These files are being transferred from the INS to the custody of the National Archives in five-year blocks, 100 years after the alien's year of birth. See the page Alien Files ("A-Files") at the National Archives at San Francisco for more details.

• Aliens were also required to register during the WWI period, and a blog post from NARA's Prologue Magazine, Enemy Aliens in Kansas City describes those records.

If you were expecting outbound passenger lists comparable to the incoming ones, except for the ones from Washington state mentioned above, there may not be any. The San Francisco Maritime Museum's page, in their Frequently Asked Questions, says:

We have some passenger lists (the majority are at the National Archives). If you know the name of the ship and the date of the voyage you are interested in, you can contact us to see if we have any resources about the passengers.

The majority of passenger lists for arrivals in the West Coast are at the National Archives in San Bruno, which has made available an Adobe Acrobat .pdf file describing which ship's lists are held in Record Group 85, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. (More detailed information on passenger lists at the National Archives is also available.) Please note that the records are for arrivals only, not departures, as records for departures were not kept.

The San Bruno office referred to is the National Archives at San Francisco which is located in San Bruno, California. They might be able to advise you about other useful San Francisco-area records that I don't know about.

One possible (informal) source of information about passenger departures or ship departures might be historical newspapers. Passengers might be listed by name in the social news columns; ship departures (without passenger information) might also be listed in shipping news sections. For any online vendor (especially those which require a subscription), check to see what newspapers are in the collection and what years are covered, as coverage can be very spotty.

• The California Digital Newspaper Collection is a project of the Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research (CBSR) at the University of California, Riverside. This freely-accessible collection contains 71,625 issues comprising 595,046 pages and 6,837,378 articles.
• other newspaper resources are summarized in this list of Online Genealogy Databases from the website SFGenealogy

If your relatives passed through a port in the United Kingdom, they might be in the records found in the National Archives there:

• Passenger lists - incoming: Search and download lists of ship passengers who arrived in the UK between 1878 and 1960 (BT 26). UK, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960 (Ancestry)
• Passenger lists - outgoing: Search and download lists of ship passengers who left the UK between 1890 and 1960 (BT 27). UK, Outward Passenger Lists, 1890-1960 (Ancestry) and Passenger Lists Leaving UK 1890-1960 (FindMyPast)

You can search to see who might be mentioned in the collections without signing up for the service. FindMyPast reveals more information to unsubscribed users about the search results than Ancestry does, but you can see how many possible matches might be in the collections, if any. You can also read the "about the collection" descriptions to learn more about what information might be contained in the records. To view the original records, FindMyPast offers both pay-per-view options and subscriptions; Ancestry only has subscriptions. Both services allow users to register for free, and allow some limited features to registered (unpaid) users. Learning more about the collections and trying some searches first will give you a better idea of whether it might be worthwhile to subscribe or pay to view records.

The Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives, whose major focus is on ships departing Europe for the Eastern coast of the United states, has a list of Major European ports. Presumably shipping lines which had ships departing from these ports for the US would also have the ships calling there on the return voyages. (Unfortunately he doesn't have information about ship companies serving San Francisco.) If you look at the headers of the manifests for the incoming passengers, you can see which companies were sailing in and out of San Francisco and which ports they used.

I don't know what records might have been created by Germany or Czechoslovakia, and what records (if any) might have survived. Here are the articles from the Family Search wiki for libraries and archives in those countries:

• Germany Archives and Libraries
• Czech Republic Archives and Libraries

You could also try searching the FamilySearch catalog to see what records might be available.

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Edited to comment on bgwiehle's answer: any records you can find, on any matter whatever, can help in establishing date bounds. I use spreadsheets to make timelines -- putting all the information in order helps me see the sequence more clearly than just writing it out in a document (although that can be useful, too).

I especially like city directories for evidence of residency, taking into account that the listings can 'lag' behind the actual time of residency. There is a 'lead time' between the directory company gathering information and publication; there is a also a 'lag time' where the listing might persist after people have moved.

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One counter-example to the earlier statement that no records of departures exist is a collection recently added on FamilySearch.org, California, Chinese Partnerships and Departures from San Francisco, 1912-1943 (Research Wiki article)

This collection corresponds with NARA publication A3362: Partnership lists of Chinese firms in San Francisco, California, and nationwide, 1893-1907; and index of Chinese departing from San Francisco, California, 1912-1943. It was filmed at the NARA facility in Washington DC.

About the departures, NARA's Publication Details (A3362.pdf) says:

Series 3: Index of Chinese Departing from San Francisco, Dec. 20, 1912–Dec. 3, 1943

This series consists of index cards arranged numerically by INS file number, then by date of departure. The INS file numbers run sequentially from 12017/01 to 12017/54437. Most cards contain more than one file number. For each “12017/number”, the following information is usually given: name, date, and brief description of type, such as “d/native” (departing native), “d/mer” (departing merchant), “s/n/d” (probably son of native departing).

Strictly speaking, this does not contradict the earlier statement that departure records were not kept, because these are not passenger lists, but records that were transferred to the National Archives from the INS. Since these are Chinese Exclusion files, this particular collection should not contain your relatives.

However, if you did want to see if your relatives were listed in any of the files held by the USCIS, you could make an Index Search via their Genealogy Program. See their Research Guidance section for researching individuals and their page on Researching Deportation Records. If your grandfather had any kind of records with the agency, e.g. an A-file for his arrival in 1952, or an exclusion file from the 1930s, they should be able to advise you about what records exist and how much it would cost to get copies of the records. All sorts of unexpected documentation can turn up in exclusion files and applications for citizenship, so it's difficult to say in advance how useful the contents of any file might be. If you haven't already done so, check the pages at the end of the incoming passenger manifest to see if your relatives were held for special inquiry -- if they were, there might be an exclusion file for them.

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On 14 January 2016, Ancestry added a new database, U.S., Departing Passenger and Crew Lists, 1914-1962, consisting of passenger and crew departure lists from both ships and aircraft that were turned over to the INS. The list of NARA microfilm publications that are included in the database is described on this page at Ancestry.

These are part of Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004, Record Group 85.

Few of the individual microfilm sets cover the time frame in this question, and most of them are not from the West Coast -- but you could try searching anyway to see if you can get a record for a transit that you didn't know about.

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In January of 2016, Ancestry added a database U.S., Departing Passenger and Crew Lists, 1914-1965, which is an umbrella covering many different NARA microfilm publications. The list of what publications are included can be reached via the View Sources link in the About the Database section underneath the search box for the database.

These items mention San Francisco:

Passenger and Crew Manifests of Airplanes Departing from San Francisco, California, 12/7/1957 - 10/28/1969. NARA microform publication A4100. 78 Rolls. NAI: 3431514. Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004, Record Group 85. The National Archives at Washington, D.C.

Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels and Airplanes Departing from San Francisco, California, 12/1/1954 - 11/24/1977. NARA microform publication A4101. 6 Rolls. NAI: 3431529. Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004, Record Group 85. The National Archives at Washington, D.C.

Passenger Lists of Vessels Departing from San Pedro, California, 4/6/1961 - 10/13/1969. NARA microform publication A4126. 28 Rolls. NAI: 3179955. Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004, Record Group 85. The National Archives at Washington, D.C.

Passenger Lists of Vessels Departing from San Francisco, California, 2/9/1937 - 12/31/1951. NARA microform publication A4143. 64 Rolls. NAI: 3432817. Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004, Record Group 85. The National Archives at Washington, D.C.

To get more information on the individual microfilm publications, search the NAI (National Archives Identifier) in the US National Archives' catalog.